Metabolic Responses to Breakfast in Adolescent Girls

NCT ID: NCT04476693

Last Updated: 2023-03-01

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: COMPLETED
• Clinical Phase: NA
• Total Enrollment: 18 participants
• Study Classification: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2018-10-01
• Study Completion Date: 2020-07-01

Brief Summary

Breakfast consumption (BC) is frequently associated with a healthy lifestyle, healthy body weight and favourable cardiometabolic health. Research from studies in adults suggests that breakfast skipping causes elevated plasma glucose and insulin concentrations after lunch. However, there is currently no evidence to suggest a similar metabolic response in adolescent girls, a population that frequently skips breakfast. The primary purpose of this study is to examine the effects of BC versus breakfast omission (BO) on metabolic responses after lunch in healthy adolescent girls.

Detailed Description

Breakfast consumption (BC) is habitually associated with a healthy lifestyle (e.g., diet and physical activity), reduced adiposity and favourable cardiometabolic health profiles in children, adolescents and adults. Experimental research in adults has shown that breakfast consumption reduces the glycaemic and insulinemic response to lunch when compared with breakfast omission; this has been termed 'the second meal effect'. Further, breakfast consumption may improve exercise performance and increase free-living physical activity energy expenditure in adults. Understanding the postprandial metabolic responses to BC and breakfast omission (BO) in adolescent girls is particularly important, as this population frequently skips breakfast and have low physical activity levels. Yet, adolescent girls may respond differently to adults due to their distinct metabolic profiles, and past research has not targeted this population. The primary aim of this research is to examine whether BC versus BO affects postprandial glycaemic and insulinemic responses to lunch in adolescent girls. Secondly, it aims to examine the lipaemic and substrate oxidation responses during rest, substrate oxidation during an exercise bout performed later in the day, and physical activity enjoyment during the exercise bout.

Conditions

Postprandial Hyperglycemia

Study Design

• Allocation Method: RANDOMIZED
• Intervention Model: CROSSOVER
• Primary Study Purpose: BASIC_SCIENCE
• Blinding Strategy: NONE

Study Groups

Breakfast Consumption (BC)

The consumption of a standardised breakfast followed by a standardised lunch 3-h after the last mouthful of breakfast meal. All the ingredients of the breakfast and lunch provided will be weighed, with the portion sizes calculated based on individual resting metabolic rate (RMR). The participants were instructed to consume the meals provided within 15 min. A minimum of seven days washout period will be provided to avoid carry-over effects between conditions.

The standardised lunch will consist of white bread without crust (Tesco), margarine 'Butter Me Up Spread' (Tesco), strawberry jam (Tesco), salted crisps (Walkers) and sparkling glucose drink (Lucozade Energy Original). This carbohydrate-rich high glycameic index lunch was designed to trigger quick and exaggerated glucose and insulin response.

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Breakfast consumption

Intervention Type: OTHER

Consumption of breakfast: The breakfast provided was designed based on the "characteristics of an ideal breakfast" outlined in Giovannini et al., (2008). The breakfast provided in the present study will include the following: all-bran cereals (Kellogg's), semi-skimmed milk (Tesco), Royal Gala Apple (Tesco) and Orange Juice from Concentrate (Tesco) containing the amount of carbohydrates usually consumed at breakfast in the UK (Reeves et al., 2013). The portion for each participant will contain 0.06 g of carbohydrate per kcal of measured RMR. As the portion size (20% of daily calorie intake) will be calculated based on individual RMR , no leftovers will be allowed.

Breakfast omission (BO)

Participant will consume water, the individual volume of which was calculated based on the liquid content of the breakfast. A standardised lunch will be consumed 3-h after the last mouthful of water. All the ingredients of the breakfast and lunch provided were weighed, with the portion sizes calculated based on individual resting metabolic rate (RMR). The participants were instructed to consume the meals provided within 15 min. A minimum of seven days washout period was provided to avoid carry-over effects between conditions.

The standardised lunch consists of white bread without crust (Tesco), margarine 'Butter Me Up Spread' (Tesco), strawberry jam (Tesco), salted crisps (Walkers) and sparkling glucose drink (Lucozade Energy Original). This carbohydrate-rich high glycameic index lunch was designed to trigger quick and exaggerated glucose and insulin response.

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Breakfast Omission

Intervention Type: OTHER

Omission of breakfast. Participants will consume water within 15 min, the individual volume of which will be calculated based on the liquid content of the breakfast \[milk (ml)+ orange juice (ml)\].

Interventions

Breakfast consumption

Consumption of breakfast: The breakfast provided was designed based on the "characteristics of an ideal breakfast" outlined in Giovannini et al., (2008). The breakfast provided in the present study will include the following: all-bran cereals (Kellogg's), semi-skimmed milk (Tesco), Royal Gala Apple (Tesco) and Orange Juice from Concentrate (Tesco) containing the amount of carbohydrates usually consumed at breakfast in the UK (Reeves et al., 2013). The portion for each participant will contain 0.06 g of carbohydrate per kcal of measured RMR. As the portion size (20% of daily calorie intake) will be calculated based on individual RMR , no leftovers will be allowed.

Intervention Type: OTHER

Breakfast Omission

Omission of breakfast. Participants will consume water within 15 min, the individual volume of which will be calculated based on the liquid content of the breakfast \[milk (ml)+ orange juice (ml)\].

Intervention Type: OTHER

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

1. Aged 11 to 14 years old

2. Female

3. Healthy weight Body Mass Index centile (between the 3rd and 91st centile - Cole et al 2000)

Exclusion Criteria

1. Allergies to the breakfast and lunch ingredients

2. Fitted with a pacemaker

3. Unable to walk

4. Health related issues that could be affected by participation in the study (e.g., uncontrolled exercise-induced asthma, diabetes, epilepsy)

• Minimum Eligible Age: 11 Years
• Maximum Eligible Age: 14 Years
• Eligible Sex: FEMALE
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Sponsors

British Nutrition Foundation

UNKNOWN

Sponsor Role: collaborator

University of Bedfordshire

OTHER

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

Dr Rebecca Jones

Lecturer in Exercise Physiology

Responsibility Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Locations

University of Bedfordshire

Bedford, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom

Countries

United Kingdom

Other Identifiers

UBedfordshire

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id