Isolating & Exploiting the Mechanisms That Link Breakfast to Human Health

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

12 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2019-02-26

Study Completion Date

2021-02-17

Brief Summary

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Following the establishment of causal links between breakfast consumption, the individual components of energy balance, and health it is now important to examine and target the underlying biological mechanisms involved to maximise potential health benefits.

To begin investigating the outlined mechanisms healthy, non-obese participants will be recruited to take part in phase I (acute crossover design) of a wider project.

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Detailed Description

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Causal links between breakfast consumption, the individual components of energy balance, and health have recently been established and it is now important to examine and target the underlying biological mechanisms involved to maximised potential health benefits.

Specifically, the substitution of a portion of carbohydrate for protein at breakfast may enhance the potential health benefits of breakfast through targeting distinct mechanistic pathways. Broadly, introducing a greater protein load at breakfast increases insulin secretion and delays gastric emptying, thereby eliciting a potentiated insulin response. In turn this may therefore improve glucose tolerance during a subsequent meal. Additionally, maintenance of euglycaemia following breakfast consumption, coupled with the thermic effect of feeding protein may accentuate the elevated energy expenditure following breakfast observed in previous studies. Finally, both the physical and chemical properties of protein exert a marked satiating effect. Collectively, these mechanisms could interact to maximise the net impact of breakfast on energy balance and associated health outcomes. However, whilst the evidence indicates obvious benefits of feeding a higher protein dose at breakfast, relatively little research has focused on the response to protein over multiple meals/days. Furthermore, and importantly, the mechanisms involved in the second-meal phenomenon and the potential for initial meals of varied composition to target these mechanisms have never been systematically investigated.

To begin investigating the outlined mechanisms healthy, non-obese participants will be recruited to take part a randomised crossover trial that will contrast the acute metabolic responses to a protein-enriched breakfast, with a carbohydrate rich breakfast, and the total omission of breakfast.

Conditions

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Postprandial Metabolism Appetite

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

CROSSOVER

Participants will complete 3 breakfast feeding trials in a randomised order:

Typical high carbohydrate breakfast followed by an ad libitum lunch. Whey protein enriched carbohydrate followed by an ad libitum lunch. Extended morning fast followed by an ad libitum lunch.

Primary Study Purpose

BASIC_SCIENCE

Blinding Strategy

SINGLE

Participants

Where applicable (i.e. the two breakfast feeding trials) participants will be blinded to the breakfast that they receive.

Study Groups

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Carbohydrate rich breakfast

Participants will consume a porridge breakfast that is considered in line with typical carbohydrate consumption for this meal.

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Carbohydrate rich breakfast

Intervention Type OTHER

A porridge breakfast meal fed at a carbohydrate delivery rate of 7.3 mg/kJ of each participants resting metabolic rate.

Whey protein enriched breakfast

Participants will consume a porridge breakfast that is considered in line with typical carbohydrate consumption for this meal.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Whey protein enriched breakfast

Intervention Type DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

A porridge breakfast meal in which 15 grams of whey protein is substituted in place of carbohydrate and a small portion of fat.

Extended morning fast

Participants will extend their overnight fast until the ad libitum lunch is provided.

Group Type NO_INTERVENTION

No interventions assigned to this group

Interventions

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Carbohydrate rich breakfast

A porridge breakfast meal fed at a carbohydrate delivery rate of 7.3 mg/kJ of each participants resting metabolic rate.

Intervention Type OTHER

Whey protein enriched breakfast

A porridge breakfast meal in which 15 grams of whey protein is substituted in place of carbohydrate and a small portion of fat.

Intervention Type DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* Body mass index 18.5-29.9 kg∙m-2
* Age 18-65 years
* Able and willing to provide informed consent and safely comply with study procedures
* Females to maintain record of regular menstrual cycle phase or contraceptive use
* No anticipated changes in diet/physical activity during the study (e.g. holidays or diet plans)
* Inclusive to all breakfast habits (e.g. regular skipper / consumer)

Exclusion Criteria

* Any reported condition or behaviour deemed either to pose undue personal risk to the participant or introduce bias
* Any diagnosed metabolic disease (e.g. type 1 or type 2 diabetes)
* Any reported use of substances which may pose undue personal risk to the participants or introduce bias into the experiment (e.g. smoking/substance abuse)
* Lifestyle not conforming to standard sleep-wake cycle (e.g. shift worker)
* Any reported recent (\<6 months) change in body mass (± 3%)

Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

65 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes