The Effect of Beverages Varying in Protein Quantity on Appetite and Energy Intake

NCT ID: NCT01849302

Last Updated: 2016-03-08

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: COMPLETED
• Clinical Phase: NA
• Total Enrollment: 36 participants
• Study Classification: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2013-03-31
• Study Completion Date: 2013-08-31

Brief Summary

Over the last decades, changes in the diet and lifestyle have led to overall energy imbalance becoming commonplace and the emergence of an obesity epidemic with more than 1.6 billion adults being overweight.

Consumption of foods that can affect appetite by increasing satiety could regulate the total energy intake and thus body weight. There is data suggesting that the macronutrient composition of the foods and especially protein content may have a potent role on satiety. However, it is difficult to pinpoint the optimum quantity needed to observe significant effects of protein on satiety.

The research project is dedicated to identify which food components [proteins, carbohydrates (CHO), fats] and the optimized protein quantity needed to accelerate satiation, suppress appetite and extend satiety until hunger appears again.

It is hypothesized that the consumption of protein-enriched meals will induce a reduction in hunger through the impact on gut hormones and peptides that are closely related to the short-term regulation of food intake.

Conditions

Obesity

Study Design

• Allocation Method: RANDOMIZED
• Intervention Model: CROSSOVER
• Primary Study Purpose: PREVENTION
• Blinding Strategy: SINGLE

Study Groups

High protein/ High fat beverage

Beverage based on milk protein: 1.8 MJ, 40 E% Protein, 42 E% fat

Acute effect of beverages varying in macronutrient content on appetite and energy intake

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Beverages varying in macronutrient content on appetite

Intervention Type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

In this randomized, within-subject study, subjects are asked to consume 7 iso-energetic and iso-volumetric beverages as breakfast (20% of estimated energy requirements) with varying distribution of macronutrients. The objective is to identify the optimal protein quantity or macronutrient distribution on suppressing appetite.

High protein/ Normal CHO beverage

Beverage based on milk protein: 1.8 MJ, 40 E% Protein, 47 E% CHO

Acute effect of beverages varying in macronutrient content on appetite and energy intake

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Beverages varying in macronutrient content on appetite

Intervention Type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

In this randomized, within-subject study, subjects are asked to consume 7 iso-energetic and iso-volumetric beverages as breakfast (20% of estimated energy requirements) with varying distribution of macronutrients. The objective is to identify the optimal protein quantity or macronutrient distribution on suppressing appetite.

Low protein/ High fat beverage

Beverage based on milk protein: 1.8 MJ, 9 E% Protein, 63 E% fat

Acute effect of beverages varying in macronutrient content on appetite and energy intake

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Beverages varying in macronutrient content on appetite

Intervention Type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

In this randomized, within-subject study, subjects are asked to consume 7 iso-energetic and iso-volumetric beverages as breakfast (20% of estimated energy requirements) with varying distribution of macronutrients. The objective is to identify the optimal protein quantity or macronutrient distribution on suppressing appetite.

Low protein/ High CHO beverage

Beverage based on milk protein: 1.8 MJ, 9 E% Protein, 71 E% CHO

Acute effect of beverages varying in macronutrient content on appetite and energy intake

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Beverages varying in macronutrient content on appetite

Intervention Type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

In this randomized, within-subject study, subjects are asked to consume 7 iso-energetic and iso-volumetric beverages as breakfast (20% of estimated energy requirements) with varying distribution of macronutrients. The objective is to identify the optimal protein quantity or macronutrient distribution on suppressing appetite.

Normal protein/ Normal CHO beverage 1

Beverage based on milk protein: 1.8 MJ, 24 E% Protein, 50 E% CHO

Acute effect of beverages varying in macronutrient content on appetite and energy intake

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Beverages varying in macronutrient content on appetite

Intervention Type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

In this randomized, within-subject study, subjects are asked to consume 7 iso-energetic and iso-volumetric beverages as breakfast (20% of estimated energy requirements) with varying distribution of macronutrients. The objective is to identify the optimal protein quantity or macronutrient distribution on suppressing appetite.

Normal protein/Normal CHO beverage 2

Beverage based on milk protein: 1.8 MJ, 24 E% Protein, 50 E% CHO

Acute effect of beverages varying in macronutrient content on appetite and energy intake

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Beverages varying in macronutrient content on appetite

Intervention Type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

In this randomized, within-subject study, subjects are asked to consume 7 iso-energetic and iso-volumetric beverages as breakfast (20% of estimated energy requirements) with varying distribution of macronutrients. The objective is to identify the optimal protein quantity or macronutrient distribution on suppressing appetite.

Normal protein/Normal CHO beverage 3

Beverage based on milk protein: 1.8 MJ, 24 E% Protein, 50 E% CHO

Acute effect of beverages varying in macronutrient content on appetite and energy intake

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Beverages varying in macronutrient content on appetite

Intervention Type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

In this randomized, within-subject study, subjects are asked to consume 7 iso-energetic and iso-volumetric beverages as breakfast (20% of estimated energy requirements) with varying distribution of macronutrients. The objective is to identify the optimal protein quantity or macronutrient distribution on suppressing appetite.

Interventions

Beverages varying in macronutrient content on appetite

In this randomized, within-subject study, subjects are asked to consume 7 iso-energetic and iso-volumetric beverages as breakfast (20% of estimated energy requirements) with varying distribution of macronutrients. The objective is to identify the optimal protein quantity or macronutrient distribution on suppressing appetite.

Intervention Type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

• Healthy males and females
• Age range 18-50 years
• Normal weight and overweight people as classified by BMI:22-27.9 kg/m2 (inclusive).
• Weight stable (within 3 kg) two months prior to study inclusion
• Understanding English well and feeling comfortable speaking it

Exclusion Criteria

• Dietary protein consumption >25% energy from protein
• Had surgery in the previous 12 months
• Have suffered a myocardial infarction or stroke at any time
• Suffer from any blood-clotting disorder or prescription of any medication affecting blood clotting
• Suffer from any metabolic disorders (e.g. diabetes, metabolic syndrome or hypertension)
• Any requirement to take long-term medication, especially those active on the gastro-intestinal tract or for cardio-vascular disease
• Any dietary restrictions or recently/currently on a weight reducing diet
• Irregular eating patterns or not regularly consuming breakfast
• Food allergies (e.g. milk protein allergies) or intolerances (e.g. lactose)
• Use of medication which affects food intake or behaviour (e.g. anti-depressants)
• Use of medication likely to affect taste, smell or appetite
• Eating restraint based on the three Factor Eating Questionnaire
• Use of any protein supplements
• A history of alcohol or drug misuse (the average daily number of units of alcohol considered as acceptable is 2-3 units women; 3-4 units men
• Smoking
• Athletes in training (>10 h exercise/week)
• Female that is breast-feeding, pregnant, or if of child-bearing potential and are not using effective contraceptive precautions
• Involvement in a study involving an experimental drug/medication within 3 months prior to entry of this study
• Blood pressure > 160/90 mmHg
• Vegan or Vegetarian
• Glucose > 6 mmol/L
• Gamma glutamyl transferase > 1.9 μkat / L
• Alanine transaminase > 1.1 μkat / L
• Cholesterol > 6.5 mmol/L
• Triglycerides > 2.0 mmol/L

• Minimum Eligible Age: 18 Years
• Maximum Eligible Age: 50 Years
• Eligible Sex: ALL
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Sponsors

Lund University

OTHER

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

Anestis Dougkas

Postdoctoral Research Fellow

Responsibility Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

Anestis Dougkas, PhD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Lund University

Locations

Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry

Lund, Skåne County, Sweden

Countries

Sweden

References

Dougkas A, Ostman E. Protein-Enriched Liquid Preloads Varying in Macronutrient Content Modulate Appetite and Appetite-Regulating Hormones in Healthy Adults. J Nutr. 2016 Mar;146(3):637-45. doi: 10.3945/jn.115.217224. Epub 2016 Jan 20.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 26791555 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

2012/6

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id