Effects of Protein Timing and Resistance Exercise on Fat Metabolism

NCT ID: NCT03573687

Last Updated: 2018-07-06

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: COMPLETED
• Clinical Phase: NA
• Total Enrollment: 13 participants
• Study Classification: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2017-03-20
• Study Completion Date: 2018-02-28

Brief Summary

The extent to which resistance exercise training and protein timing effects localized (belly fat) and systemic (whole body) fat metabolism in resistance-trained women is unknown. Therefore, this study will assess subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue lipolytic rate and whole body substrate utilization over the course of two trials: 1) consuming casein protein during the day, and 2) consuming casein protein at night, before bed.

Detailed Description

Nighttime eating, and specifically eating after dinner, has attracted significant attention in recent years, particularly for the onslaught of media claiming the negative implications on body weight and overall health. Some studies have indeed indicated that chronically eating high-energy, mixed-meals rich in carbohydrates (CHO) and fats at night contributes to weight gain and abdominal obesity. However, research to support these negative claims is scant. Conversely, the practice of nighttime eating of small protein (PRO) snacks has been widely utilized anecdotally in populations such as bodybuilders in an attempt to avoid catabolism of muscle mass during the sleeping hours.

It has been shown that nighttime consumption of small portions (<200 kcals) of PRO elicits beneficial effects on metabolism such as increased next-morning resting metabolic rate (RMR). Likewise, the combination of nighttime PRO consumption and RT improves factors that contribute to fat loss such as elevated muscle mass due to an increase in muscle protein synthesis and energy expenditure. Further, there is emerging research suggesting the benefits of nighttime PRO consumption on fat metabolism (specifically the subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue [SCAAT]). The SCAAT is of particular interest in metabolism research, as the upper body subcutaneous tissue (i.e. SCAAT) supplies most of the circulating free fatty acids (FFA) during the overnight hours in lean individuals. Therefore, if one can optimize the timing of dietary PRO during a window at which SCAAT is elevated (nighttime), theoretically, mobilization and oxidation of fats could be optimized.

Research regarding nighttime eating, specifically regarding fat metabolism, is in its infancy, and thus, many gaps in the literature require elucidation. First, and certainly most importantly, the limited research studies examining the effects of nighttime PRO consumption have not methodologically matched for timing of PRO intake. Therefore, it is unclear whether any reported benefits of the published nighttime PRO studies were a consequence of the addition of PRO calories or specifically due to the consumption of PRO at night. Thus, in order to make optimal comparisons and conclusions, it is imperative to study the metabolic effects of dietary PRO consumed at night versus other times of day.

Therefore, the purpose of this project is to: 1) determine the effects of RT on post-exercise lipolytic rate in resistance-trained women; and 2) determine the effects of timing of acute protein PRO ingestion (nighttime PRO consumption [NP] and daytime PRO consumption [DP] trials) after a RT bout on SCAAT lipolytic rate, metabolic rate, and serum hormones (glucose, insulin, growth hormone, adiponectin, glycerol) throughout the day, overnight and into the next morning.

Conditions

Healthy

Study Design

• Allocation Method: RANDOMIZED
• Intervention Model: CROSSOVER
• Primary Study Purpose: BASIC_SCIENCE
• Blinding Strategy: DOUBLE

Study Groups

RT on Fat Metabolism

Determine the extent to which a full-body acute RT protocol will affect intra-RT and post-RT SCAAT lipolytic rate, and post-RT whole-body substrate utilization in RT women compared to baseline measures (independent of Aims 2 and 3).

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Resistance Exercise Training

Intervention Type: OTHER

Resistance exercise training (RT) will target the full body and exercises will be performed using a barbell. Exercises will be performed in the following order: back squat, bench press, Romanian deadlift, bent-over row, shoulder press, and reverse lunges)

PRO Timing on Fat Metabolism

Assess the differences in overnight and next morning SCAAT lipolytic rate and next-morning whole-body substrate utilization compared to baseline between acute NP and DP consumption trials after a RT bout in RT women.

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Micellar Casein Protein

Intervention Type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

The micellar casein protein supplement (PRO, total protein content: 30 g, 120 kcals; 30 g micellar protein) and non-caloric sensory-matched placebo (PLA, 0kcals) will be specifically formulated by Dymatize® Nutrition FrieslandCampina® and consumed in a randomized order. Participants will consume the daytime supplement 30 minutes after RT and the nighttime supplement about 30 minutes before bedtime. The supplements will be premixed, taste-matched (chocolate), and provided in opaque shaker bottles.

Resistance Exercise Training

Intervention Type: OTHER

Resistance exercise training (RT) will target the full body and exercises will be performed using a barbell. Exercises will be performed in the following order: back squat, bench press, Romanian deadlift, bent-over row, shoulder press, and reverse lunges)

PRO Timing on Markers of Fat Metabolism

Assess the differences in overnight and next morning metabolic biomarkers of fat metabolism compared to baseline between acute nighttime PRO (NP) consumption versus daytime PRO (DP) consumption trials after a RT bout in RT women.

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Micellar Casein Protein

Intervention Type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

The micellar casein protein supplement (PRO, total protein content: 30 g, 120 kcals; 30 g micellar protein) and non-caloric sensory-matched placebo (PLA, 0kcals) will be specifically formulated by Dymatize® Nutrition FrieslandCampina® and consumed in a randomized order. Participants will consume the daytime supplement 30 minutes after RT and the nighttime supplement about 30 minutes before bedtime. The supplements will be premixed, taste-matched (chocolate), and provided in opaque shaker bottles.

Resistance Exercise Training

Intervention Type: OTHER

Resistance exercise training (RT) will target the full body and exercises will be performed using a barbell. Exercises will be performed in the following order: back squat, bench press, Romanian deadlift, bent-over row, shoulder press, and reverse lunges)

Interventions

Micellar Casein Protein

The micellar casein protein supplement (PRO, total protein content: 30 g, 120 kcals; 30 g micellar protein) and non-caloric sensory-matched placebo (PLA, 0kcals) will be specifically formulated by Dymatize® Nutrition FrieslandCampina® and consumed in a randomized order. Participants will consume the daytime supplement 30 minutes after RT and the nighttime supplement about 30 minutes before bedtime. The supplements will be premixed, taste-matched (chocolate), and provided in opaque shaker bottles.

Intervention Type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

Resistance Exercise Training

Resistance exercise training (RT) will target the full body and exercises will be performed using a barbell. Exercises will be performed in the following order: back squat, bench press, Romanian deadlift, bent-over row, shoulder press, and reverse lunges)

Intervention Type: OTHER

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

• Healthy
• Resistance-trained (able to squat 1.0 times their body weight, and bench press 0.75 times body weight, adapted from ACSM Guidelines and piloted in our laboratory)
• Normal weight (BMI = 18.5-25 kg/m2; body fat <33%)
• Normally menstruating (on or off oral contraceptives)
• Females.

Exclusion Criteria

• Uncontrolled thyroid dysfunction (not on medication)
• Musculoskeletal disorders
• Currently smoke
• Have milk allergies
• Currently take medications or supplements known to affect substrate metabolism.

• Minimum Eligible Age: 18 Years
• Maximum Eligible Age: 35 Years
• Eligible Sex: FEMALE
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Sponsors

Florida State University

OTHER

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

Michael J. Ormsbee

Assistant Professor

Responsibility Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Locations

Institute for Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University

Tallahassee, Florida, United States

Countries

United States

References

Allman BR, Morrissey MC, Kim JS, Panton LB, Contreras RJ, Hickner RC, Ormsbee MJ. Lipolysis and Fat Oxidation Are Not Altered with Presleep Compared with Daytime Casein Protein Intake in Resistance-Trained Women. J Nutr. 2020 Jan 1;150(1):47-54. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxz186.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 31504693 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

NPRO

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id