Whey Protein Supplementation and Resistance Training in Older Women With Sarcopenic Obesity.

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

26 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2017-03-13

Study Completion Date

2017-06-30

Brief Summary

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The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of whey protein following resistance training on body composition, muscular strength, functional capacity, and plasma-metabolism biomarkers in older women with sarcopenic obesity.

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Detailed Description

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This two-arm randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design was carried out over a period of 16 weeks. At the beginning and end of the experiment, two weeks were allocated for evaluations consisting of anthropometric (weeks 2 and 16), body composition (weeks 2 and 16), one repetition maximum tests (weeks 1 and 15), functional capacity tests (weeks 1 and 15), blood samples (weeks 2 and 16) and dietary intake measurements (weeks 1 and 15). The anthropometric, body composition, blood samples and dietary intake measurements were carried out in a temperature-controlled room (22-24 °C), and the RT sessions were conducted at the university training facility.

Recruitment was carried out through newspapers, radio advertising, and home delivery of leaflets in the central area and residential neighborhoods. All participants completed health history and physical activity questionnaires and were included in the study if they met the following inclusion criteria: 60 years old or more, physically independent, free from cardiac or orthopedic dysfunction that would prevent them from performing the prescribed exercise or exercise testing associated with the study, not receiving hormonal replacement therapy, and completed a previous 8-week RT program. In this study, only women with SO were included. SO was defined as a body fat mass ≥ 35%(29) combined with appendicular lean soft tissue (ALST) less than \<15.02 kg(30), assessed by dual x-ray energy absorptiometry (DXA). Participants underwent a diagnostic graded exercise stress test with a 12-lead electrocardiogram reviewed by a cardiologist and were released with no restrictions for participation in this investigation.

A blinded researcher was responsible for generating random numbers for participant allocation. Both groups were submitted to the same RT program and all participants completed the experiment. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants after a detailed description of investigation procedures was provided. This investigation was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the local University Ethics Committee The Shapiro Wilk test was used to test data distribution. Data are presented as means, standard deviation, and z-score. The student's independent t-test and chi-square test were used to compare groups regarding the general characteristics and clinical/medical history (categorical variables). Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures was used to assess between group comparisons. The effect size (ES) was calculated to verify the magnitude of the differences by Cohen's d, where an ES of 0.20-0.49 was considered as small, 0.50-0.79 as moderate, and ≥ 0.80 as large(41). The Z-score of the percentage changes (from pre- to post-training) of the raw data for each parameter was calculated, as well as a total Z-score, derived from all the components. To verify the differences between groups in total Z-scores, an independent T test was also applied. For all statistical analyses, significance was accepted at P \< 0.05. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 20.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

Conditions

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Body Weight Healthy

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

FACTORIAL

Primary Study Purpose

TREATMENT

Blinding Strategy

TRIPLE

Participants Caregivers Outcome Assessors

Study Groups

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whey protein group

Participants received a dose of 35 grams of whey protein after resistance training (RT). Participants were personally supervised by physical education professionals with substantial RT experience. The sessions were performed 3 times per week on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, with 3 sets of 08-12 repetition maximums. The RT program was a whole-body program with eight exercises, including: chest press, seated row, triceps push-down, preacher curl, horizontal leg press, knee extension, leg curl and seated calf raise. Participants were afforded a 1 to 2 min rest interval between sets and 2 to 3 min between each exercise. The training load was consistent with the prescribed number of repetitions for the three sets of each exercise.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

whey protein

Intervention Type DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

This two-arm randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design was carried out over a period of 16 weeks. At the beginning and end of the experiment, two weeks were allocated for evaluations consisting of anthropometric (weeks 2 and 16), body composition (weeks 2 and 16), one repetition maximum tests (weeks 1 and 15), functional capacity tests (weeks 1 and 15), blood samples (weeks 2 and 16) and dietary intake measurements (weeks 1 and 15). The anthropometric, body composition, blood samples and dietary intake measurements were carried out in a temperature-controlled room (22-24 °C), and the RT sessions were conducted at the university training facility.

placebo group

Participants received a dose of 35 grams of maltodextrin after resistance training (RT). Participants were personally supervised by physical education professionals with substantial RT experience. The sessions were performed 3 times per week on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, with 3 sets of 08-12 repetition maximums. The RT program was a whole-body program with eight exercises, including: chest press, seated row, triceps push-down, preacher curl, horizontal leg press, knee extension, leg curl and seated calf raise. Participants were afforded a 1 to 2 min rest interval between sets and 2 to 3 min between each exercise. The training load was consistent with the prescribed number of repetitions for the three sets of each exercise.

Group Type PLACEBO_COMPARATOR

placebo

Intervention Type DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

This two-arm randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design was carried out over a period of 16 weeks. At the beginning and end of the experiment, two weeks were allocated for evaluations consisting of anthropometric (weeks 2 and 16), body composition (weeks 2 and 16), one repetition maximum tests (weeks 1 and 15), functional capacity tests (weeks 1 and 15), blood samples (weeks 2 and 16) and dietary intake measurements (weeks 1 and 15). The anthropometric, body composition, blood samples and dietary intake measurements were carried out in a temperature-controlled room (22-24 °C), and the RT sessions were conducted at the university training facility.

Interventions

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whey protein

This two-arm randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design was carried out over a period of 16 weeks. At the beginning and end of the experiment, two weeks were allocated for evaluations consisting of anthropometric (weeks 2 and 16), body composition (weeks 2 and 16), one repetition maximum tests (weeks 1 and 15), functional capacity tests (weeks 1 and 15), blood samples (weeks 2 and 16) and dietary intake measurements (weeks 1 and 15). The anthropometric, body composition, blood samples and dietary intake measurements were carried out in a temperature-controlled room (22-24 °C), and the RT sessions were conducted at the university training facility.

Intervention Type DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

placebo

This two-arm randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design was carried out over a period of 16 weeks. At the beginning and end of the experiment, two weeks were allocated for evaluations consisting of anthropometric (weeks 2 and 16), body composition (weeks 2 and 16), one repetition maximum tests (weeks 1 and 15), functional capacity tests (weeks 1 and 15), blood samples (weeks 2 and 16) and dietary intake measurements (weeks 1 and 15). The anthropometric, body composition, blood samples and dietary intake measurements were carried out in a temperature-controlled room (22-24 °C), and the RT sessions were conducted at the university training facility.

Intervention Type DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

60 years old or more, physically independent, free from cardiac or orthopedic dysfunction that would prevent them from performing the prescribed exercise or exercise testing associated with the study, not receiving hormonal replacement therapy, and completed a previous 8-week RT program. In this study, only women with SO were included. SO was defined as a body fat mass ≥ 35% combined with appendicular lean soft tissue (ALST) less than \<15.02 kg, assessed by dual x-ray energy absorptiometry (DXA). Participants underwent a diagnostic graded exercise stress test with a 12-lead electrocardiogram reviewed by a cardiologist and were released with no restrictions for participation in this investigation.