Effects of Black Pepper on the Absorption of Nutrients in Vegetables

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

16 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2018-09-06

Study Completion Date

2019-11-30

Brief Summary

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The objective of this project is to determine the extent to which eating black pepper together with vegetables increase the absorption of carotenoids (a class of important nutrients) in the vegetables such as beta-carotene.

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Detailed Description

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Black pepper has multiple health-promoting effects, many of which are associated with the relatively high levels of piperine it contains. Piperine can enhance the oral bioavailability of nutraceuticals in foods due to its inhibitory activity on drug metabolizing enzymes such as cytochrome P450 and p-glycoprotein in the gastrointestinal mucosa. This decreases the first-pass metabolism of nutraceuticals thus increasing their levels in the systemic circulation. Numerous studies in both animals and humans have validated the efficacy of piperine in boosting nutraceutical bioavailability. However, most of these studies utilized highly purified sources of both piperine and nutraceuticals, and therefore do not provide direct evidence on the ability of black pepper (used as a spice) to enhance the bioavailability of nutraceuticals in real foods.

Conditions

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Black Pepper Absorption Carotenoid

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

CROSSOVER

Primary Study Purpose

TREATMENT

Blinding Strategy

SINGLE

Investigators

Study Groups

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Salad

Subjects will consume a vegetable salad without dressing one time in the morning.

Group Type SHAM_COMPARATOR

salad

Intervention Type OTHER

Subjects will consume a vegetable salad without dressing (canola oil) and without black pepper one time in the morning

Salad dressing (canola oil)

Subjects will consume a vegetable salad with dressing (canola oil) one time in the morning

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

salad dressing (canola oil)

Intervention Type OTHER

Subjects will consume a vegetable salad with dressing (canola oil) one time in the morning

black pepper

Subjects will consume a vegetable salad without dressing (canola oil) but with black pepper one time in the morning

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

black pepper

Intervention Type OTHER

Subjects will consume a vegetable salad without dressing (canola oil) but with black pepper one time in the morning

Salad dressing (canola oil) and black pepper

Subjects will consume a vegetable salad with dressing (canola oil) and with black pepper one time in the morning

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

salad dressing (canola oil) and black pepper

Intervention Type OTHER

Subjects will consume a vegetable salad with black pepper and dressing (canola oil) one time in the morning

Salad dressing (olive oil) and black pepper

Subjects will consume a vegetable salad with dressing (olive oil) and with black pepper one time in the morning

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Salad dressing (olive oil) and black pepper

Intervention Type OTHER

Subjects will consume a vegetable salad with black pepper and dressing (olive oil) one time in the morning

Salad dressing (corn oil) and black pepper

Subjects will consume a vegetable salad with dressing (corn oil) and with black pepper one time in the morning

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Salad dressing (corn oil) and black pepper

Intervention Type OTHER

Subjects will consume a vegetable salad with black pepper and dressing (corn oil) one time in the morning

Salad dressing (sunflower oil) and black pepper

Subjects will consume a vegetable salad with dressing (sunflower oil) and with black pepper one time in the morning

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Salad dressing (sunflower oil) and black pepper

Intervention Type OTHER

Subjects will consume a vegetable salad with black pepper and dressing (sunflower oil) one time in the morning

Salad dressing (flaxseed oil) and black pepper

Subjects will consume a vegetable salad with dressing (flaxseed oil) and with black pepper one time in the morning

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Salad dressing (flaxseed oil) and black pepper

Intervention Type OTHER

Subjects will consume a vegetable salad with black pepper and dressing (flaxseed oil) one time in the morning

Interventions

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salad dressing (canola oil) and black pepper

Subjects will consume a vegetable salad with black pepper and dressing (canola oil) one time in the morning

Intervention Type OTHER

salad dressing (canola oil)

Subjects will consume a vegetable salad with dressing (canola oil) one time in the morning

Intervention Type OTHER

black pepper

Subjects will consume a vegetable salad without dressing (canola oil) but with black pepper one time in the morning

Intervention Type OTHER

salad

Subjects will consume a vegetable salad without dressing (canola oil) and without black pepper one time in the morning

Intervention Type OTHER

Salad dressing (olive oil) and black pepper

Subjects will consume a vegetable salad with black pepper and dressing (olive oil) one time in the morning

Intervention Type OTHER

Salad dressing (corn oil) and black pepper

Subjects will consume a vegetable salad with black pepper and dressing (corn oil) one time in the morning

Intervention Type OTHER

Salad dressing (sunflower oil) and black pepper

Subjects will consume a vegetable salad with black pepper and dressing (sunflower oil) one time in the morning

Intervention Type OTHER

Salad dressing (flaxseed oil) and black pepper

Subjects will consume a vegetable salad with black pepper and dressing (flaxseed oil) one time in the morning

Intervention Type OTHER

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* 18-30 year old healthy adults

Exclusion Criteria

* those who are \<18 or \>30 years old, have a BMI of \<20 or \>29 kg/m2, have a weight change \>4.5 kg (9.91 pounds) in the past 3 months, exceed exercise activities of a recreational level over the past 3 months, have any diseases, especially intestinal disorders including lipid malabsorption or lactose intolerance, had abnormal liver or kidney function tests.
* Those who smoke, consume more than two alcoholic drinks per day, use medication affecting lipid profiles or dietary supplements affecting plasma cholesterol (e.g., Benocol or fiber supplements) will also be excluded.
* Additionally, this study excludes menopausal women, those using hormone-based contraceptives, those with abnormal menstrual cycles, and those who are pregnant, lactating or planning to become pregnant.

Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

30 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes