Mental Health and Symptoms of Energy Deficiency (REDs) in Young Biathletes

NCT ID: NCT06487260

Last Updated: 2025-09-12

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: COMPLETED
• Total Enrollment: 28 participants
• Study Classification: OBSERVATIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2024-08-21
• Study Completion Date: 2024-12-10

Brief Summary

Participation in weight-sensitive sports has been identified as a significant risk factor for low energy availability (LEA), relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs), and eating disorders. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the symptoms of LEA, REDs, and mental health issues in young biathletes. This study investigates the prevalence of these symptoms in young, talented biathletes from one of the leading nations in the sport. By including athletes of both sexes aged 16, 17, and 18, this study aim to determine whether symptom severity is associated with age, sex, or performance level. Furthermore, this study will explore the experiences of biathletes aged 18 and older with the new best practice guidelines for body composition assessment, designed by an IOC working group on the REDs consensus update of 2023 to safeguard athletes from negative experiences. The insights gained from this study may enhance the understanding of the frequency of health symptoms, the age or performance level at which symptoms typically increase, and the specific needs of athletes to ensure their safety and well-being in the sport.

Detailed Description

Being physically active is associated with a range of positive mental, physical, and psychosocial health benefits. Although athletes might be expected to enjoy these positive health effects, studies also show that high-level competitive athletes have a similar prevalence of certain mental disorders as the general population. Beyond reflecting the normal occurrence of mental health challenges in the population, performance expectations related to participation in competitive sports may contribute to many athletes experiencing periods or persistent mental health issues. Despite the increased openness in recent years about top athletes experiencing mental stress and disorders, there is little knowledge about the overall prevalence, especially among younger athletes at sub-elite performance levels. In 2023, Norwegian media highlighted a serious concern about the mental health of young biathletes, underscored by an alarming and unexpectedly high incidence of suicide among young biathlon talents.

Ski sports are among many weight-sensitive sports challenged by a high prevalence of eating disorders, particularly among female athletes. Eating disorders are linked to a high risk of low energy availability (LEA) and the syndrome relative energy deficiency (REDs) in athletes. REDs involve a variety of health challenges that follow LEA, and mental health issues can be both contributing factors to and effects of LEA. Knowledge about the prevalence of LEA, eating disorders, and REDs specifically among biathletes is very limited. A recent study found that a group of young female skiers (17 years old), including biathletes, on average consumed too little energy and carbohydrates relative to their athletic needs, and that 17% had LEA. A previous study recruited female athletes aged 25 years with self-expressed concern for REDs. This study found an overall prevalence of eating disorders corresponding to 21.3%, and that 65% in the sub-group of biathletes had LEA. Athletes with LEA symptoms had both lower weight and BMI, and the highest prevalence of eating disorders. At the same time, there is a study with young male skiers (including biathletes) aged 16 years, which finds a high prevalence of low bone mass and loss of bone mass through puberty. Low bone mass is one of the cardinal signs of LEA and REDs.

There is a need to map the prevalence of mental health issues and symptoms of REDs in young biathletes. Such knowledge can be used to understand the extent, specific vulnerable periods, and potentially explain why some are more affected than others. This knowledge can be used to more easily identify those who may need help and to initiate early interventions before the severity and complexity increase. In this exploratory national cross-sectional study, the aim is to map mental health and symptoms of REDs in young biathlon talents aged 16-19 years. In connection with mapping the physical symptoms of REDs, this study also aim to evaluate athlete experiences when closely following the new proposed guidelines and recommendations for measuring body composition in athletes. The guidelines (three members of this project group contributed in producing those guidelines) were given to protect athletes from negative experiences with body evaluation, so fewer are at risk of developing a negative body image and disordered eating behaviors or eating disorders.

This study works from the following hypotheses: 1) The prevalence of body dissatisfaction, depression, eating disorders, and symptoms of REDs (hereafter: outcome measures) is low in 16-year-old biathletes; 2) the prevalence of outcome measures increases with age and is therefore higher in 18-year-old biathletes; 3) the prevalence of eating disorders and symptoms of REDs is higher in girls than boys in all age groups; 4) young biathletes aged 18 years experience a professional and safe implementation of body composition evaluation when recommended guidelines are followed.

Conditions

Mental Health Issue; Physical Health

Study Design

• Observational Model Type: CASE_ONLY
• Study Time Perspective: CROSS_SECTIONAL

Study Groups

Biathletes 16 years of age

Norwegian, competetive biathletes of both sexes, aged 16 years of age

No interventions assigned to this group

Biathletes 17 years of age

Norwegian, competetive biathletes of both sexes, aged 17 years of age

No interventions assigned to this group

Biathlete 18 years of age

Norwegian, competetive biathletes of both sexes, aged 18 years of age

No interventions assigned to this group

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

• competetive biathlete
• live in Norway, speaks or understand written and oral Norwegian

Exclusion Criteria

• injured and prevented from regular training (3 months leading up to recruitement)

• Minimum Eligible Age: 16 Years
• Maximum Eligible Age: 20 Years
• Eligible Sex: ALL
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Sponsors

Norwegian School of Sport Sciences

OTHER

Sponsor Role: collaborator

Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences

OTHER

Sponsor Role: collaborator

International Biathlon Union

UNKNOWN

Sponsor Role: collaborator

Ostfold University College

OTHER

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

Therese Fostervold Mathisen

Associate Professor

Responsibility Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

Therese F Mathisen, PhD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Associate Professor

Locations

Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences

Lillehammer, Inland, Norway

Norwegian School of Sport Sciences

Oslo, , Norway

Countries

Norway

Other Identifiers

733966

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id