Readiness Outcomes Affecting Return to Sport 2.0: An Intervention Feasibility & Pilot Study

NCT ID: NCT05338385

Last Updated: 2024-05-13

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

30 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2022-05-03

Study Completion Date

2025-12-31

Brief Summary

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This study aims to determine the feasibility of implementing a mental skills training intervention for adolescent athletes who tear their ACL and undergo ACL reconstruction surgery alongside receiving standard-of-care clinical treatment. The study will also determine if the mental skills coaching program has any effect on the psychological readiness of patients to return to sport after undergoing surgery and postoperative recovery and rehabilitation. If feasible and if the mental skills training program shows promising effect on athletes' confidence in returning to sport, a large-scale clinical trial can be explored to assess the relationship between mental skills' impact on readiness to return to sport, which could in turn provide evidence on the benefits of integrating mental skills directly into standard clinical care.

Detailed Description

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Approximately 350,000 individuals undergo anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery with using allograft or autograft in the US annually. Even with successful ACL surgery, subsequent ACL tear occurs at a rate of 2-24% in physically active population. Most published reports focused on the young adult population, but few studies have focused on physically active young athletes and their return to sports (RTS) after surgery. As successful RTS following ACL reconstruction can be physically and psychologically challenging, increased attention has been directed to better understand the role a patient's psychological readiness to RTS plays in the rehabilitation phase, but there is an overall need to establish effective tools to help improve psychological readiness to RTS during this phase.

Mental skills training aims to improve athlete performance. Individuals involved in collegiate-level sports face the challenge of balancing rigorous athletic and academic demands. Given these demands, there is increasing need for programs to help athletes at varying levels and ages develop the skills necessary to maintain optimal performance. Such programs speak to the need for student-athletes to train their mental game much in the same way they train their physical game. They emphasize the value of and the ability to teach confidence, adaptability, and resilience.

Researchers have employed both mindfulness- and psychological skills-based techniques as means to promote student-athlete mental toughness and improved performance outcome. Mindfulness increases nonjudgmental awareness of the present, and is an effective treatment in non-sport related arenas. Psychological skills training educates athletes on how to improve strategies such as imagery, self-talk, goal setting, and arousal regulation. While these interventions may vary somewhat in terms of approach, there is evidence that both tactics positively impact athlete performance. We believe that these theories can be translated to athletes who are recovering from injuries and be used effectively to get patients back to their sports confidently.

The goal of mental skills training is to help athletes maximize performance, reach self-determined goals, and build confidence in their fields of play. Many of the same tools that benefit athletes in sport performance also translate to their injury experience. Mental conditioning helps athletes navigate the many ups and downs that accompany ACL injury and recovery. Athletes are taught techniques to maintain their sport mindset by capitalizing on motivation, consistency, and resilience. One-on-one sessions are athlete-centered, and are designed to encourage exploration and growth through tangible mental skills strategies. Topics that may be addressed include mindset awareness, goal setting, stress management, mental imagery, cognitive restructuring, and positive self-talk.

Conditions

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ACL Tear

Study Design

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Allocation Method

NA

Intervention Model

SINGLE_GROUP

Primary Study Purpose

SUPPORTIVE_CARE

Blinding Strategy

NONE

Study Groups

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Intervention

Participants will receive mental skills training in addition to receiving standard-of-care ACL reconstruction and follow-up care. The goal of mental skills training is to help athletes maximize performance, reach self-determined goals, and build confidence in their fields of play. Many of the same tools that benefit athletes in sport performance also translate to their injury experience. Mental conditioning helps athletes navigate the many ups and downs that accompany ACL injury and recovery. Athletes are taught techniques to maintain their sport mindset by capitalizing on motivation, consistency, and resilience. One-on-one sessions are athlete-centered, and are designed to encourage exploration and growth through tangible mental skills strategies.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Mental Skills Coaching

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Participants will partake in a 1-hour pre-op initial intake, followed by five 30-min follow-up sessions at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and 9-months post-op. All sessions will be one-on-one with the same master's-level mental skills coach. At each session, the provider will allow time for participants to share their current injury experience to date (i.e. how they are doing, challenges they have encountered). Following this, participants will be introduced to a series of mental skills tools, including but not limited to mindset awareness, motivation, cognitive restructuring, goal setting, and objective performance assessment. Participants will be provided with handouts outlining the strategies addressed to help maintain consistency of mental skills engagement between sessions.

Interventions

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Mental Skills Coaching

Participants will partake in a 1-hour pre-op initial intake, followed by five 30-min follow-up sessions at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and 9-months post-op. All sessions will be one-on-one with the same master's-level mental skills coach. At each session, the provider will allow time for participants to share their current injury experience to date (i.e. how they are doing, challenges they have encountered). Following this, participants will be introduced to a series of mental skills tools, including but not limited to mindset awareness, motivation, cognitive restructuring, goal setting, and objective performance assessment. Participants will be provided with handouts outlining the strategies addressed to help maintain consistency of mental skills engagement between sessions.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* Diagnosis of a complete anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear
* Undergoing ACL reconstruction at Boston Children's Hospital by a study-participating surgeon
* Age at time of surgery between 8 and ≤ 25
* English-speaking

Exclusion Criteria

* Torn medial collateral ligament (MCL), lateral collateral ligament (LCL), or posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) requiring reconstruction
Minimum Eligible Age

8 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

25 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Sponsors

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Boston Children's Hospital

OTHER

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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Matthew Milewski

Principal Investigator

Responsibility Role PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

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Matthew D Milewski, MD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Boston Children's Hospital

Locations

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Boston Children's Hospital

Waltham, Massachusetts, United States

Site Status

Countries

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United States

References

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Wojtys EM, Brower AM. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in the prepubescent and adolescent athlete: clinical and research considerations. J Athl Train. 2010 Sep-Oct;45(5):509-12. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-45.5.509. No abstract available.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 20831399 (View on PubMed)

Hettrich CM, Dunn WR, Reinke EK; MOON Group; Spindler KP. The rate of subsequent surgery and predictors after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: two- and 6-year follow-up results from a multicenter cohort. Am J Sports Med. 2013 Jul;41(7):1534-40. doi: 10.1177/0363546513490277. Epub 2013 May 30.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 23722056 (View on PubMed)

Wright RW, Magnussen RA, Dunn WR, Spindler KP. Ipsilateral graft and contralateral ACL rupture at five years or more following ACL reconstruction: a systematic review. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011 Jun 15;93(12):1159-65. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.J.00898.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
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Paterno MV, Schmitt LC, Ford KR, Rauh MJ, Myer GD, Huang B, Hewett TE. Biomechanical measures during landing and postural stability predict second anterior cruciate ligament injury after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and return to sport. Am J Sports Med. 2010 Oct;38(10):1968-78. doi: 10.1177/0363546510376053. Epub 2010 Aug 11.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
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Oiestad BE, Holm I, Aune AK, Gunderson R, Myklebust G, Engebretsen L, Fosdahl MA, Risberg MA. Knee function and prevalence of knee osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a prospective study with 10 to 15 years of follow-up. Am J Sports Med. 2010 Nov;38(11):2201-10. doi: 10.1177/0363546510373876. Epub 2010 Aug 16.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
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Oiestad BE, Holm I, Engebretsen L, Risberg MA. The association between radiographic knee osteoarthritis and knee symptoms, function and quality of life 10-15 years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Br J Sports Med. 2011 Jun;45(7):583-8. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2010.073130. Epub 2010 Jul 20.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
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Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 17761605 (View on PubMed)

Vealey, S. R. (2007). Mental skills training in sport. In G. Tenenbaum, R. Eklund, & R. Singer (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (pp. 287-309). Wiley. Hoboken, NJ.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

Humphrey, J. H., Yow, D. A., & Bowden, W. W. (2000). Stress in college athletics: Causes, consequences, coping. The Haworth Half-Court Press. Binghamton, NY.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

Kimball, A., & Freysinger, V. J. (2003). Leisure, stress, and coping: The sport participation of collegiate student-athletes. Leisure Sciences, 25(2-3), 115-141.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

Papanikolaou, Z., Nikolaidis, D., Patsiaouras, A., & Alexopoulos, P. (2003). The freshman experience: High stress-low grades. Athletic Insight: The On-line Journal of Sport Psychology, 5.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

Sallen J, Hemming K, Richartz A. Facilitating dual careers by improving resistance to chronic stress: effects of an intervention programme for elite student athletes. Eur J Sport Sci. 2018 Feb;18(1):112-122. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1407363. Epub 2017 Dec 3.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
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Ajilchi B, Amini HR, Ardakani ZP, Zadeh MM, Kisely S. Applying mindfulness training to enhance the mental toughness and emotional intelligence of amateur basketball players. Australas Psychiatry. 2019 Jun;27(3):291-296. doi: 10.1177/1039856219828119. Epub 2019 Feb 14.

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Jones BJ, Kaur S, Miller M, Spencer RMC. Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Benefits Psychological Well-Being, Sleep Quality, and Athletic Performance in Female Collegiate Rowers. Front Psychol. 2020 Sep 18;11:572980. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.572980. eCollection 2020.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 33071908 (View on PubMed)

Rothlin P, Birrer D, Horvath S, Grosse Holtforth M. Psychological skills training and a mindfulness-based intervention to enhance functional athletic performance: design of a randomized controlled trial using ambulatory assessment. BMC Psychol. 2016 Jul 26;4(1):39. doi: 10.1186/s40359-016-0147-y.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 27457721 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

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IRB-P00039872

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id

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