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Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport and Dance

NCT ID: NCT06480682

Last Updated: 2024-06-28

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

NOT_YET_RECRUITING

Total Enrollment

200 participants

Study Classification

OBSERVATIONAL

Study Start Date

2024-09-10

Study Completion Date

2029-07-30

Brief Summary

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The International Olympic Committee recently published its consensus statement on relative energy deficiency syndrome (REDs) in sport which was followed by a similar version for dance by clinicians and researchers in dance. REDs is a complex multisystem syndrome with low energy availability as its foundation. Dancers and gymnasts, particularly in ballet, have long been reported to have body weight issues with an increase prevalence of eating disorders which has been associated with early onset osteoporosis. Combat sports have a similar issue, with athletes needing to "make weight" to compete in their ideal weight category that has lead to similar eating disorder and associated issues to dance. Currently there are no data on REDs prevalence in dance, gymnastics or combat sports and therefore understanding the underlying prevalence of REDs in both these populations will provide important information for both clinicians and coaches to help develop a safe and healthy environment for their dancers and athletes to compete/perform and to be able to retire from sport/dance without an increased risk of osteoporosis. In a few sports and dance genres, some participants might be more prone to a negative health effect referred to as relative energy deficiency syndrome (REDs). This is an energy deficiency relative to the balance between dietary energy intake and energy availability required to support homeostasis, health and activities of daily living, growth and sporting activities that can result in multiple systems being affected including decreases in bone health, energy metabolism, reproductive function, musculoskeletal health, immunity, glycogen synthesis and cardiovascular and haematological health. The purpose of this study is to examine the prevalence of REDs in specific sports (combat sports and gymnastics) and dance genres (ballet and musical theatre). Voluntary participants will be tested three times a year over a 5-year period. This will include an annual dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and blood tests plus resting energy expenditure and questionnaires three times a year.

Detailed Description

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Participants will be asked to be available three times for testing over a 12-month period, for a period of 3-years. Their initial test visit will be at a university exercise science laboratory whilst the other testing sessions will occur at their place of work/training.

Each year the initial testing session will include a bone health scan (DXA), a blood sample (2x 5ml samples), a body composition analysis (bioimpedance), resting metabolic rate test and a series of questionnaires. Subsequent test session will include the same tests except the DXA scan unless there is a medical reason to carry out a further scan (two or more bone stress injuries).

The DXA scan, where participants will need to lie still for approximately 20 minutes will monitor body composition, bone mineral density and bone mineral content for the whole body and at the forearm (radius), lower spine (Lumbar 4 and 5) and upper leg (femur). The scan will also look at the ratio between outer (cortical) and inner (trabecular) bone content.

The blood samples will measure a series of markers that have been associated with low energy availability for male and female participants and amenorrhea for female participants.

Anthropometric measurements will consist of body composition analysis will consist of a body composition, stature and body mass. The participant will have their height measured and then stand on bioimpedance scales and hold onto two handles. This will allow changes in body composition changes to be monitored throughout the year without exposing the participant to further radiation from the DXA.

To monitor resting metabolic rate participants will lie down on a bed in a quiet room. They will be fitted with a mask over the mouth and nose that is connected to a breathe-by-breathe gas analyser. They will lie as still as possible for 20-minutes for the test to conclude.

The validated questionnaires (Low Energy Availability Male Questionnaire, Low Energy Availability Female Questionnaire, Health questionnaire) will focus on sleep quality, general health, attitudes towards food and eating, perceptions of energy availability, and mood.

Basic injury incidence data will be provided by the participant's medical team through out the monitoring period. Injury data will consist of location, type and severity of each injury.

Participants' injury incidence and aetiology will be monitored by their club's/company's medical teams and summarised data provided to the research team via a signed medical release agreement. REDs prevalence will be analysed by the research team in conjunction with the participants' medical teams and for those diagnosed with the syndrome the relevant management plan will be put into place for their safe return to activity.

Conditions

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Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport Bone Stress Reaction

Keywords

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Judo Ballet Gymnastics Male Female Dance weight category sport

Study Design

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Observational Model Type

COHORT

Study Time Perspective

PROSPECTIVE

Study Groups

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Dance

Age: 16-45yrs old Sex: Female and male Activity: Dance (ballet, contemporary, musical theatre); Level: Full-time training at either a dance company, vocational dance school Status: Engaged in full-time training at start of project without activity limiting injury

Dual x-ray scan

Intervention Type RADIATION

Annual whole body scan monitoring bone mineral density for whole body, radius, L1-4 and femur and body composition

Blood screen

Intervention Type DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

Three times a year blood samples will be taken to measure: full blood count, ferritin, B12, folate, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), renal function, liver function, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Free thyroxine (T4), luteinizing hormone (LH), oestradiol, testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), coeliac screen, vitamin D (25(OH)D), Leptin and Ghrelin

Questionnaires

Intervention Type OTHER

Informed consent; Low energy availability questionnaires for males and females; General health including menstrual status (females)

Anthropometric measurements

Intervention Type OTHER

Three times a year participant's measurements will be taken: stature, body mass and body composition (bio-impedence)

Resting Metabolic rate

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Resting metabolic rate will be measured by resting gas analysis. Each participant will lie down for a period of 15 minutes, in the final 5 minutes their expired gases are analysed using a breath-by-breath gas analyser (Cortex).

Combat Sports

Age: 16-45yrs old Sex: Female and male Activity: Combat sports (judo, karaté, taekwondo); Level: Full-time training at either a NGB centre Status: Engaged in full-time training at start of project without activity limiting injury

Dual x-ray scan

Intervention Type RADIATION

Annual whole body scan monitoring bone mineral density for whole body, radius, L1-4 and femur and body composition

Blood screen

Intervention Type DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

Three times a year blood samples will be taken to measure: full blood count, ferritin, B12, folate, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), renal function, liver function, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Free thyroxine (T4), luteinizing hormone (LH), oestradiol, testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), coeliac screen, vitamin D (25(OH)D), Leptin and Ghrelin

Questionnaires

Intervention Type OTHER

Informed consent; Low energy availability questionnaires for males and females; General health including menstrual status (females)

Anthropometric measurements

Intervention Type OTHER

Three times a year participant's measurements will be taken: stature, body mass and body composition (bio-impedence)

Resting Metabolic rate

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Resting metabolic rate will be measured by resting gas analysis. Each participant will lie down for a period of 15 minutes, in the final 5 minutes their expired gases are analysed using a breath-by-breath gas analyser (Cortex).

Energy expenditure

Intervention Type OTHER

Energy expenditure was estimated using accelerometery (Genieactive) and activity logs in the participants' normal environment, assessed during 3 weekdays of scheduled dance training and 2 weekend days without scheduled dance training. Focus is on daily energy expenditure

Gymnastics

Age: 16-45yrs old Sex: Female and male Activity: Gymnastics (artistic) Level: Full-time training at either a NGB centre or academy Status: Engaged in full-time training at start of project without activity limiting injury

Dual x-ray scan

Intervention Type RADIATION

Annual whole body scan monitoring bone mineral density for whole body, radius, L1-4 and femur and body composition

Blood screen

Intervention Type DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

Three times a year blood samples will be taken to measure: full blood count, ferritin, B12, folate, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), renal function, liver function, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Free thyroxine (T4), luteinizing hormone (LH), oestradiol, testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), coeliac screen, vitamin D (25(OH)D), Leptin and Ghrelin

Questionnaires

Intervention Type OTHER

Informed consent; Low energy availability questionnaires for males and females; General health including menstrual status (females)

Anthropometric measurements

Intervention Type OTHER

Three times a year participant's measurements will be taken: stature, body mass and body composition (bio-impedence)

Resting Metabolic rate

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Resting metabolic rate will be measured by resting gas analysis. Each participant will lie down for a period of 15 minutes, in the final 5 minutes their expired gases are analysed using a breath-by-breath gas analyser (Cortex).

Energy expenditure

Intervention Type OTHER

Energy expenditure was estimated using accelerometery (Genieactive) and activity logs in the participants' normal environment, assessed during 3 weekdays of scheduled dance training and 2 weekend days without scheduled dance training. Focus is on daily energy expenditure

Interventions

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Dual x-ray scan

Annual whole body scan monitoring bone mineral density for whole body, radius, L1-4 and femur and body composition

Intervention Type RADIATION

Blood screen

Three times a year blood samples will be taken to measure: full blood count, ferritin, B12, folate, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), renal function, liver function, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Free thyroxine (T4), luteinizing hormone (LH), oestradiol, testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), coeliac screen, vitamin D (25(OH)D), Leptin and Ghrelin

Intervention Type DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

Questionnaires

Informed consent; Low energy availability questionnaires for males and females; General health including menstrual status (females)

Intervention Type OTHER

Anthropometric measurements

Three times a year participant's measurements will be taken: stature, body mass and body composition (bio-impedence)

Intervention Type OTHER

Resting Metabolic rate

Resting metabolic rate will be measured by resting gas analysis. Each participant will lie down for a period of 15 minutes, in the final 5 minutes their expired gases are analysed using a breath-by-breath gas analyser (Cortex).

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Energy expenditure

Energy expenditure was estimated using accelerometery (Genieactive) and activity logs in the participants' normal environment, assessed during 3 weekdays of scheduled dance training and 2 weekend days without scheduled dance training. Focus is on daily energy expenditure

Intervention Type OTHER

Other Intervention Names

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Low Energy Availability Male Questionnaire, Low Energy Availability Female Questionnaire; Consent; Health

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* Full-time training at either a NGB centre, dance company, vocational dance school or academy
* Engaged in full-time training at start of project

Exclusion Criteria

* Not engaged in full-time training
* Injury preventing engagement in training
Minimum Eligible Age

16 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

45 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Sponsors

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University of Wolverhampton

OTHER

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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Matthew Wyon

Professor in Exercise Physiology

Responsibility Role PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

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Roger Wolman, PhD

Role: STUDY_CHAIR

Honorary Professor

Locations

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University of Wolverhampton

Walsall, West Midlands, United Kingdom

Site Status

Countries

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United Kingdom

Central Contacts

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Matthew A Wyon, PhD

Role: CONTACT

Phone: 01902323144

Email: [email protected]

Ross Cloak, PhD

Role: CONTACT

Phone: 01902321285

Email: [email protected]

Facility Contacts

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Matthew Wyon, PhD

Role: primary

Ross Cloak, PhD

Role: backup

References

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Koltun KJ, Strock NCA, Southmayd EA, Oneglia AP, Williams NI, De Souza MJ. Comparison of Female Athlete Triad Coalition and RED-S risk assessment tools. J Sports Sci. 2019 Nov;37(21):2433-2442. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1640551. Epub 2019 Jul 11.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 31296115 (View on PubMed)

Sim A, Burns SF. Review: questionnaires as measures for low energy availability (LEA) and relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S) in athletes. J Eat Disord. 2021 Mar 31;9(1):41. doi: 10.1186/s40337-021-00396-7.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 33789771 (View on PubMed)

Allen N, Kelly S, Lanfear M, Reynolds A, Clarke R, Mountjoy ML, Wyon M, Wolman R. Relative energy deficiency in dance (RED-D): a consensus method approach to REDs in dance. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2024 Mar 7;10(1):e001858. doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001858. eCollection 2024.

Reference Type RESULT
PMID: 38463191 (View on PubMed)

Mountjoy M, Ackerman KE, Bailey DM, Burke LM, Constantini N, Hackney AC, Heikura IA, Melin A, Pensgaard AM, Stellingwerff T, Sundgot-Borgen JK, Torstveit MK, Jacobsen AU, Verhagen E, Budgett R, Engebretsen L, Erdener U. 2023 International Olympic Committee's (IOC) consensus statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs). Br J Sports Med. 2023 Sep;57(17):1073-1097. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-106994.

Reference Type RESULT
PMID: 37752011 (View on PubMed)

Civil R, Lamb A, Loosmore D, Ross L, Livingstone K, Strachan F, Dick JR, Stevenson EJ, Brown MA, Witard OC. Assessment of Dietary Intake, Energy Status, and Factors Associated With RED-S in Vocational Female Ballet Students. Front Nutr. 2019 Jan 9;5:136. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00136. eCollection 2018.

Reference Type RESULT
PMID: 30687712 (View on PubMed)

Staal S, Sjodin A, Fahrenholtz I, Bonnesen K, Melin AK. Low RMRratio as a Surrogate Marker for Energy Deficiency, the Choice of Predictive Equation Vital for Correctly Identifying Male and Female Ballet Dancers at Risk. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2018 Jul 1;28(4):412-418. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0327. Epub 2018 Jun 22.

Reference Type RESULT
PMID: 29405782 (View on PubMed)

Study Documents

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Document Type: Individual Participant Data Set

View Document

Document Type: Study Protocol

View Document

Other Identifiers

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REDsWyon24

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id