Effect of Feeding Status on Appetite and Eating Behaviour.

NCT ID: NCT07257692

Last Updated: 2025-12-02

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: COMPLETED
• Clinical Phase: NA
• Total Enrollment: 33 participants
• Study Classification: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2024-06-12
• Study Completion Date: 2025-10-01

Brief Summary

This clinical trial's primary aim is to evaluate the impact of a short-term feeding state on trait eating behaviours and weekly appetite. The secondary aim is to assess the relationship between appetite hormones (i.e., leptin, adiponectin, total glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide YY (PYY)) and long-term trait eating behaviours. The researchers will compare two groups (before vs. after a meal) to see if the meal affects appetite and eating behaviour traits in healthy adults.

Detailed Description

Study Design

Screening visit (Visit 1) Participants will be asked to complete a health screening questionnaire. Only those in generally good health will be enrolled. Following this, weight and height will be measured, and the body mass index (BMI) will be determined. Finally, participants will complete the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and food preferences questionnaire to ensure they like the foods provided in the study. Moreover, they will be provided with a 24-hour food diary to complete 24 hours before the first experimental trial, along with a set of scales to help them measure and record all items. Participants will be instructed to follow this food diary in the 24 hours before the second trial, ensuring that the food and drink consumed in the 24 hours before each experimental trial are similar.

Experimental trials (Visits 2 and 3) In the 24 hours prior to the experimental trial, participants will complete a 24-hour food diary where they record all food and beverages. With this diary, participants will describe all drinks and food consumed using household measures (e.g. teaspoon, cup). They will be asked to record a detailed description of food and/or drink intake, time and place of consumption. They will also record details on food brands, preparation and cooking methods. Portion sizes should be estimated using household measures or natural unit sizes (e.g., slices of bread). Food diaries and an electronic kitchen scale (Salter Housewares Ltd., Tonbridge, UK) will be provided to subjects, and they will be shown how to use the scales and how to record. They will follow this food diary in the 24 hours prior to the second visit to ensure they replicate their food and drink consumption in the 24 hours before each experimental trial.

Participants will arrive at the laboratory before both experimental trials at approximately 08:30, having fasted for at least 12 hours (participants instructed not to eat or drink after 20:30 from the previous night, except water). They will be weighed and then, at approximately 09:30, following a period of rest, a fasting blood sample will be collected by a researcher who is a trained phlebotomist. They will consume a standardised breakfast comprising porridge oats, full-fat milk, croissants, butter, jam and orange juice, which they will have 30 minutes to consume. Participants will then rest in the metabolic research unit for the remaining 3.5 hours of the trial (5-hour visit in total), completing study questionnaires where necessary. They will be able to consume water ad libitum and will be able to bring laptops/tablets and books.

During the experimental trial, participants will complete the weekly Visual Analogue Scale (wVAS), the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) and the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 (IES-2) in the fasted state before the breakfast meal; while in the second trial, participants will be asked to complete these 90 minutes after the administration of the breakfast meal. In a randomised counter-balanced design, half of the participants will complete these scales in the fasted state first, whilst the other half will complete these scales after the breakfast meal first.

Throughout both experimental trials, participants will be periodically asked to complete measures of instantaneous appetite and food cravings. Instantaneous appetite ratings will be measured through the instantaneous Visual Analogue Scale (iVAS). These will examine various appetite constructs: hunger, satisfaction, fullness, prospective food consumption and desire to eat. Participants will be asked to place a vertical mark on the horizontal line at a point corresponding to their feelings at that time (hence the term instantaneous appetite). Participants will complete iVAS first at approximately 09:00, just before the breakfast meal. Thereafter, iVAS will be administered every 60 minutes (five assessments in total).

Conditions

Healthy

Study Design

• Allocation Method: RANDOMIZED
• Intervention Model: CROSSOVER
• Primary Study Purpose: PREVENTION
• Blinding Strategy: NONE

Study Groups

Eating behaviour trait questionnaires before the meal.

Participants will complete the eating behaviour trait questionnaires before the meal.

Group Type: OTHER

Standardised meal

Intervention Type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

Participants will complete the wVAS (weekly visual analogue scale), the TFEQ (Three factor eating questionnaires)and the IES-2 (Intuitive eating scale-2)in the fasted state before the breakfast meal.

Eating behaviour trait questionnaires after the meal.

Participants will complete the eating behaviour trait questionnaires after the meal.

Group Type: OTHER

Standardised meal

Intervention Type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

Participants will be asked to complete the wVAS (weekly visual analogue scale), the TFEQ (Three factor eating questionnaires)and the IES-2 (Intuitive eating scale-2) 90 minutes after the administration of the breakfast meal.

Interventions

Standardised meal

Participants will complete the wVAS (weekly visual analogue scale), the TFEQ (Three factor eating questionnaires)and the IES-2 (Intuitive eating scale-2)in the fasted state before the breakfast meal.

Intervention Type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

Standardised meal

Participants will be asked to complete the wVAS (weekly visual analogue scale), the TFEQ (Three factor eating questionnaires)and the IES-2 (Intuitive eating scale-2) 90 minutes after the administration of the breakfast meal.

Intervention Type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

• Adults aged 18 years or older.
• Have stable body mass for at least three months (within ±2 kg).

Exclusion Criteria

• People who are younger than 18 or older than 65 years old.
• Have food allergies.
• SmokingTaking medications
• Suffering from metabolic health issues, e.g., history of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or eating disorders.

• Minimum Eligible Age: 18 Years
• Maximum Eligible Age: 65 Years
• Eligible Sex: ALL
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Sponsors

University of Jazan

OTHER_GOV

Sponsor Role: collaborator

University of Glasgow

OTHER

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

James Dorling, PhD

Lecturer in Human Nutrition, Principal Investigator

Responsibility Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

James Dorling, PhD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

University of Glasgow

Locations

New Lister Building at Glasgow Royal Infirmary

Glasgow, , United Kingdom

Countries

United Kingdom

References

Stunkard AJ, Messick S. The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger. J Psychosom Res. 1985;29(1):71-83. doi: 10.1016/0022-3999(85)90010-8.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 3981480 (View on PubMed)

Tylka TL, Kroon Van Diest AM. The Intuitive Eating Scale-2: item refinement and psychometric evaluation with college women and men. J Couns Psychol. 2013 Jan;60(1):137-53. doi: 10.1037/a0030893.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 23356469 (View on PubMed)

Womble LG, Wadden TA, Chandler JM, Martin AR. Agreement between weekly vs. daily assessment of appetite. Appetite. 2003 Apr;40(2):131-5. doi: 10.1016/s0195-6663(02)00170-8.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 12781162 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

200220227

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id