Diagnostic Accuracy of Rapid Non-clinical Screening Tests for Early Detection of Periodontitis
NCT ID: NCT03928080
Last Updated: 2022-01-11
Study Results
Results pending
The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.
Basic Information
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Recruitment Status
COMPLETED
Total Enrollment
408 participants
Study Classification
OBSERVATIONAL
Study Start Date
2019-09-01
Study Completion Date
2020-12-31
Brief Summary
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Gum disease is the 6th most prevalent disease of mankind. It is a non-communicable non-resolving inflammation; if untreated it leads to tooth loss and inability to chew properly. It is one of the top 80 human disease contributing 3.5 million years lived with disability and the major cause of increasing oral health costs. Addressing this major public health problem requires greater attention to prevention and early detection.
Gum disease cases in the population remain largely undetected because an affected individual does not feel the presence of gum disease and as a consequence people seek attention in the later stages of the disease once tooth loss has occurred.
In this study the investigators will compare different methods of screening for gum disease and compare them against a full professional examination. The investigators hope to be able to propose simple and effective methods for self-assessment that will allow people to suspect the presence of the disease before tooth loss occurs and thus allow early diagnosis and better treatment.
The whole study procedures consist 3 screening tests and the standard clinical examination. The screening tests involves:(1) a screening questionnaire; (2) a saliva test; (3) a toothbrushing test. Thereafter the participants will receive a standard clinical examination which is regarded as the gold standard for diagnosis of gum disease. Results of these tests will be compared with the standard clinical examination to assess the diagnostic accuracy of these tests.
The general aim of this program is to improve early detection of periodontitis in the population using a self-detection approach based on a toothbrush test as an early sign and a self-performed saliva test as a screening test for an individual to seek professional dental care early in the gum disease process.
The general hypothesis is that combining self-assessment of toothbrush test with a saliva test as an assessment of key inflammatory process underlying gum disease will increase the diagnostic accuracy of a screening approach in the population.
Gum disease cases in the population remain largely undetected because an affected individual does not feel the presence of gum disease and as a consequence people seek attention in the later stages of the disease once tooth loss has occurred.
In this study the investigators will compare different methods of screening for gum disease and compare them against a full professional examination. The investigators hope to be able to propose simple and effective methods for self-assessment that will allow people to suspect the presence of the disease before tooth loss occurs and thus allow early diagnosis and better treatment.
The whole study procedures consist 3 screening tests and the standard clinical examination. The screening tests involves:(1) a screening questionnaire; (2) a saliva test; (3) a toothbrushing test. Thereafter the participants will receive a standard clinical examination which is regarded as the gold standard for diagnosis of gum disease. Results of these tests will be compared with the standard clinical examination to assess the diagnostic accuracy of these tests.
The general aim of this program is to improve early detection of periodontitis in the population using a self-detection approach based on a toothbrush test as an early sign and a self-performed saliva test as a screening test for an individual to seek professional dental care early in the gum disease process.
The general hypothesis is that combining self-assessment of toothbrush test with a saliva test as an assessment of key inflammatory process underlying gum disease will increase the diagnostic accuracy of a screening approach in the population.
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Detailed Description
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Introduction:
Severe periodontitis is the 6th most prevalent disease of mankind. It is a non-communicable non-resolving inflammation and biofilm dysbiosis; if untreated it leads to tooth loss and masticatory dysfunction. It is: i) one of the top 80 human disease contributing 3.5 million years lived with disability, ii) a source of social inequality, iii) together with its major sequel - tooth loss - it is responsible for 88% of lost productivity from oral diseases (estimated at 54 billion USD), and iv) it is the major cause of escalating oral health costs ( 442 billion USD/year) that in advanced economies represent up to 10% of total medical expenses. Addressing this major public health problem requires greater attention to prevention and early detection.
Periodontitis cases in the population remain largely undetected due to lack of knowledge of early warning signs that can be self detected and to the fact that affected individuals adapt to life with increased degrees of disability as the disease progresses from an early stage (stage I) towards increasingly severe and invalidating stages (III-IV). Not unexpectedly, treatment outcomes improve with early detection while costs increase for later diagnosis due to the need for surgical intervention and rehabilitation of the teeth that have been lost. In partnership with the American Academy of Periodontology (AAP), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United states, has validated a questionnaire (CDC/AAP questionnaire) for first step is important but its focus on more advanced disease, while appropriate to address individuals with more advanced disease, while appropriate to address individuals with more advanced disease towards specialist care, is unlikely to produce cost-effective health gains.
Spontaneous gingival bleeding or gingival bleeding upon tooth brushing (BoB) is a key sign of periodontitis with the potential to become a useful sentinel sign for self-detection. Surprisingly little is known about BoB and its relationship to professional assessment and diagnosis. Few studies have shown that it is highly sensitive to detect gingival inflammation but it has low to moderate specificity for periodontitis as it is shared by both gingivitis (superficial gum inflammation) and periodontitis. Its diagnostic performance, however, may be improved by combining it with salivary test able to discriminate between gingivitis and periodontitis. Salivary activated matrix metalloproteinase-8 (aMMP-8) is a biomarker associated with the inflammatory driven destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar characteristic of periodontitis; it has been shown to be able to discriminate between gingivitis and periodontitis in a point of care, professional setting.
The general aim of this program is to improve early detection of periodontitis in the population using a self-detection approach based on BoB as a sentinel sign and a consumer version of a point of care aMMP-8 test as a screening test for an individual to seek professional attention early in the periodontitis disease process.
Aims and Hypotheses to be Tested The aims of this diagnostic trial are to assess the diagnostic performance of: i) bleeding on brushing (BoB) as a sentinel sign, ii) salivary aMMP-8 as a biomarker, iii) a validated questionnaire alone and/or in combination for the early detection of periodontitis.
The general hypothesis is that combining self-assessment of a sentinel sign with a biomarker assessment of key inflammatory process underlying periodontitis will increase the diagnostic accuracy of a screening approach in the population.
Plan of Investigation (i) Subjects The study will involve two populations: i) a convenience sample of adult and elderly subjects reporting for oral health care at Prince Philip Dental Hospital and ii) a validation sample drawn from the Hong Kong adult and elderly population.
Study 1. Consecutive patients reporting to Prince Philip Dental Hospital reception clinic (screening and admission clinic) will be invited to participate.
Study 2. A validation sample will be drawn from a population of Hong Kong adult and elderly population in community and primary care settings. Subjects will be invited to participate and will be examined at the Clinical Research Center of the Prince Philip Dental Hospital.
The prevalence of different stages of periodontitis in the population is estimated at 8-12% for stage III-IV periodontitis and 28-32% for stage I-II periodontitis.
A sample size of 332 subjects has been estimated based on previous studies evaluating the area under the receiving operating curve (ROC curve) of the CDC/AAP questionnaire (0.68) and the ability to detect a 0.07 improvement with 80% power and p\<0.05. A total of 400 subjects will be recruited in each trial to compensate for missing data.
(ii) Methods Consenting subjects will be subject to 3 sequential index tests in a specified sequence: i) they will be administered a validated Cantonese version of CDC/AAP questionnaire; ii) subjects will be instructed to perform a 30 second mouthwash with a standard buffer in order to collect a full mouth sample for aMMP-8 analysis. This will be quantitatively assessed with a point of care test. iii) Subjects will then be instructed to brush their teeth for 2 minutes and the obtained slurry (saliva) quantitatively analyzed for the presence of blood with a spectrophotometric test.
Positive CDC/AAP test will be defined based on the pattern of response to 5 questions according to the criteria specified by a previous study.
Positive BoB test will be defined by the subject's identification of traces of blood in the brushing slurry and later validated quantitatively with a spectrophotometric method based on hemoglobin concentrations.
Positive aMMP-8 test for periodontitis will be defined as a concentration of aMMP-8 \> 20 ng/ml as determined with quantitative point of care lateral flow immunoassay.
After completion of the 3 experimental tests, subjects will undergo a full-mouth periodontal examination conducted by a trained and calibrated periodontal specialist who will determine the clinical diagnosis based on the 2017 international classification and case definition of periodontitis and gingivitis.
(iii) Study design Cross sectional diagnostic trial with independent blind comparison of experimental tests with a reference standard (professional diagnosis of periodontitis by a registered specialist in a clinical setting). First trial on a convenience sample of subjects reporting to Prince Philip Dental Hospital for oral health care, validation trial in a representative sample of the Hong Kong population.
Severe periodontitis is the 6th most prevalent disease of mankind. It is a non-communicable non-resolving inflammation and biofilm dysbiosis; if untreated it leads to tooth loss and masticatory dysfunction. It is: i) one of the top 80 human disease contributing 3.5 million years lived with disability, ii) a source of social inequality, iii) together with its major sequel - tooth loss - it is responsible for 88% of lost productivity from oral diseases (estimated at 54 billion USD), and iv) it is the major cause of escalating oral health costs ( 442 billion USD/year) that in advanced economies represent up to 10% of total medical expenses. Addressing this major public health problem requires greater attention to prevention and early detection.
Periodontitis cases in the population remain largely undetected due to lack of knowledge of early warning signs that can be self detected and to the fact that affected individuals adapt to life with increased degrees of disability as the disease progresses from an early stage (stage I) towards increasingly severe and invalidating stages (III-IV). Not unexpectedly, treatment outcomes improve with early detection while costs increase for later diagnosis due to the need for surgical intervention and rehabilitation of the teeth that have been lost. In partnership with the American Academy of Periodontology (AAP), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United states, has validated a questionnaire (CDC/AAP questionnaire) for first step is important but its focus on more advanced disease, while appropriate to address individuals with more advanced disease, while appropriate to address individuals with more advanced disease towards specialist care, is unlikely to produce cost-effective health gains.
Spontaneous gingival bleeding or gingival bleeding upon tooth brushing (BoB) is a key sign of periodontitis with the potential to become a useful sentinel sign for self-detection. Surprisingly little is known about BoB and its relationship to professional assessment and diagnosis. Few studies have shown that it is highly sensitive to detect gingival inflammation but it has low to moderate specificity for periodontitis as it is shared by both gingivitis (superficial gum inflammation) and periodontitis. Its diagnostic performance, however, may be improved by combining it with salivary test able to discriminate between gingivitis and periodontitis. Salivary activated matrix metalloproteinase-8 (aMMP-8) is a biomarker associated with the inflammatory driven destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar characteristic of periodontitis; it has been shown to be able to discriminate between gingivitis and periodontitis in a point of care, professional setting.
The general aim of this program is to improve early detection of periodontitis in the population using a self-detection approach based on BoB as a sentinel sign and a consumer version of a point of care aMMP-8 test as a screening test for an individual to seek professional attention early in the periodontitis disease process.
Aims and Hypotheses to be Tested The aims of this diagnostic trial are to assess the diagnostic performance of: i) bleeding on brushing (BoB) as a sentinel sign, ii) salivary aMMP-8 as a biomarker, iii) a validated questionnaire alone and/or in combination for the early detection of periodontitis.
The general hypothesis is that combining self-assessment of a sentinel sign with a biomarker assessment of key inflammatory process underlying periodontitis will increase the diagnostic accuracy of a screening approach in the population.
Plan of Investigation (i) Subjects The study will involve two populations: i) a convenience sample of adult and elderly subjects reporting for oral health care at Prince Philip Dental Hospital and ii) a validation sample drawn from the Hong Kong adult and elderly population.
Study 1. Consecutive patients reporting to Prince Philip Dental Hospital reception clinic (screening and admission clinic) will be invited to participate.
Study 2. A validation sample will be drawn from a population of Hong Kong adult and elderly population in community and primary care settings. Subjects will be invited to participate and will be examined at the Clinical Research Center of the Prince Philip Dental Hospital.
The prevalence of different stages of periodontitis in the population is estimated at 8-12% for stage III-IV periodontitis and 28-32% for stage I-II periodontitis.
A sample size of 332 subjects has been estimated based on previous studies evaluating the area under the receiving operating curve (ROC curve) of the CDC/AAP questionnaire (0.68) and the ability to detect a 0.07 improvement with 80% power and p\<0.05. A total of 400 subjects will be recruited in each trial to compensate for missing data.
(ii) Methods Consenting subjects will be subject to 3 sequential index tests in a specified sequence: i) they will be administered a validated Cantonese version of CDC/AAP questionnaire; ii) subjects will be instructed to perform a 30 second mouthwash with a standard buffer in order to collect a full mouth sample for aMMP-8 analysis. This will be quantitatively assessed with a point of care test. iii) Subjects will then be instructed to brush their teeth for 2 minutes and the obtained slurry (saliva) quantitatively analyzed for the presence of blood with a spectrophotometric test.
Positive CDC/AAP test will be defined based on the pattern of response to 5 questions according to the criteria specified by a previous study.
Positive BoB test will be defined by the subject's identification of traces of blood in the brushing slurry and later validated quantitatively with a spectrophotometric method based on hemoglobin concentrations.
Positive aMMP-8 test for periodontitis will be defined as a concentration of aMMP-8 \> 20 ng/ml as determined with quantitative point of care lateral flow immunoassay.
After completion of the 3 experimental tests, subjects will undergo a full-mouth periodontal examination conducted by a trained and calibrated periodontal specialist who will determine the clinical diagnosis based on the 2017 international classification and case definition of periodontitis and gingivitis.
(iii) Study design Cross sectional diagnostic trial with independent blind comparison of experimental tests with a reference standard (professional diagnosis of periodontitis by a registered specialist in a clinical setting). First trial on a convenience sample of subjects reporting to Prince Philip Dental Hospital for oral health care, validation trial in a representative sample of the Hong Kong population.
Conditions
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Periodontitis
Gingivitis
Study Design
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Observational Model Type
OTHER
Study Time Perspective
CROSS_SECTIONAL
Study Groups
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Experimental cohort
Primary study to assess diagnostic accuracy
Bleeding on brushing
Intervention Type
DIAGNOSTIC_TEST
Index tests are bleeding on brushing and aMMP-8 Gold standard: clinical diagnosis performed by specialist
Confirmation cohort
Second cohort to confirm results from the first study on independent population
Bleeding on brushing
Intervention Type
DIAGNOSTIC_TEST
Index tests are bleeding on brushing and aMMP-8 Gold standard: clinical diagnosis performed by specialist
Interventions
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Bleeding on brushing
Index tests are bleeding on brushing and aMMP-8 Gold standard: clinical diagnosis performed by specialist
Intervention Type
DIAGNOSTIC_TEST
Other Intervention Names
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aMMP-8
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* Aged 18 and above.
* Having the ability to learn the standard toothbrushing method with artificial intelligence powered toothbrush.
* Ability and willingness to give written informed consent.
* Having the ability to learn the standard toothbrushing method with artificial intelligence powered toothbrush.
* Ability and willingness to give written informed consent.
Exclusion Criteria
* Edentulous mouth.
* Pregnant females.
* Having received professional periodontal treatment (other than supragingival cleaning) within the previous 12 months.
* Having received antibiotic medication within the previous 3 months.
* Pregnant females.
* Having received professional periodontal treatment (other than supragingival cleaning) within the previous 12 months.
* Having received antibiotic medication within the previous 3 months.
Minimum Eligible Age
18 Years
Eligible Sex
ALL
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Yes
Sponsors
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The University of Hong Kong
OTHER
Sponsor Role
collaborator
The European Research Group on Periodontology (ERGOPerio)
NETWORK
Sponsor Role
lead
Responsible Party
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Maurizio Tonetti
Clinical Professor
Responsibility Role
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Principal Investigators
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Maurizio Tonetti, DMD,PhD,MMSc
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
The University of Hong Kong
Locations
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Prince Philip Dental Hospital, the Univerisity of Hong Kong
Hong Kong, , China
Site Status
Countries
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China
References
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Blicher B, Joshipura K, Eke P. Validation of self-reported periodontal disease: a systematic review. J Dent Res. 2005 Oct;84(10):881-90. doi: 10.1177/154405910508401003.
Reference Type
RESULT
Bossuyt PM, Reitsma JB, Bruns DE, Gatsonis CA, Glasziou PP, Irwig L, Lijmer JG, Moher D, Rennie D, de Vet HC, Kressel HY, Rifai N, Golub RM, Altman DG, Hooft L, Korevaar DA, Cohen JF; STARD Group. STARD 2015: an updated list of essential items for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies. BMJ. 2015 Oct 28;351:h5527. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h5527.
Reference Type
RESULT
Carra MC, Gueguen A, Thomas F, Pannier B, Caligiuri G, Steg PG, Zins M, Bouchard P. Self-report assessment of severe periodontitis: Periodontal screening score development. J Clin Periodontol. 2018 Jul;45(7):818-831. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.12899. Epub 2018 May 16.
Reference Type
RESULT
Eke PI, Dye BA, Wei L, Slade GD, Thornton-Evans GO, Beck JD, Taylor GW, Borgnakke WS, Page RC, Genco RJ. Self-reported measures for surveillance of periodontitis. J Dent Res. 2013 Nov;92(11):1041-7. doi: 10.1177/0022034513505621. Epub 2013 Sep 24.
Reference Type
RESULT
Hajian-Tilaki K. Sample size estimation in diagnostic test studies of biomedical informatics. J Biomed Inform. 2014 Apr;48:193-204. doi: 10.1016/j.jbi.2014.02.013. Epub 2014 Feb 26.
Reference Type
RESULT
Izadi Borujeni S, Mayer M, Eickholz P. Activated matrix metalloproteinase-8 in saliva as diagnostic test for periodontal disease? A case-control study. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2015 Dec;204(6):665-72. doi: 10.1007/s00430-015-0413-2. Epub 2015 Apr 5.
Reference Type
RESULT
Kallio P, Ainamo J, Dusadeepan A. Self-assessment of gingival bleeding. Int Dent J. 1990 Aug;40(4):231-6.
Reference Type
RESULT
Kallio P. Self-assessed bleeding in monitoring gingival health among adolescents. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1996 Apr;24(2):128-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.1996.tb00829.x.
Reference Type
RESULT
Leppilahti JM, Ahonen MM, Hernandez M, Munjal S, Netuschil L, Uitto VJ, Sorsa T, Mantyla P. Oral rinse MMP-8 point-of-care immuno test identifies patients with strong periodontal inflammatory burden. Oral Dis. 2011 Jan;17(1):115-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2010.01716.x.
Reference Type
RESULT
Tonetti MS, Greenwell H, Kornman KS. Staging and grading of periodontitis: Framework and proposal of a new classification and case definition. J Periodontol. 2018 Jun;89 Suppl 1:S159-S172. doi: 10.1002/JPER.18-0006.
Reference Type
RESULT
Trombelli L, Farina R, Silva CO, Tatakis DN. Plaque-induced gingivitis: Case definition and diagnostic considerations. J Periodontol. 2018 Jun;89 Suppl 1:S46-S73. doi: 10.1002/JPER.17-0576.
Reference Type
RESULT
Bi M, Xie Y, Yu X, Li H, Pelekos G, Jin L, Li Y, Tonetti MS. Clinical Features Associated With Periodontal Case Misclassification by an Active Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 Point-of-Care Oral Rinse Test. J Clin Periodontol. 2025 Sep;52(9):1276-1287. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.14189. Epub 2025 Jun 3.
Reference Type
DERIVED
Deng K, Zonta F, Yang H, Pelekos G, Tonetti MS. Development of a machine learning multiclass screening tool for periodontal health status based on non-clinical parameters and salivary biomarkers. J Clin Periodontol. 2024 Dec;51(12):1547-1560. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.13856. Epub 2023 Sep 11.
Reference Type
DERIVED
Uy SNMR, Deng K, Fok CTC, Fok MR, Pelekos G, Tonetti MS. Food intake, masticatory function, tooth mobility, loss of posterior support, and diminished quality of life are associated with more advanced periodontitis stage diagnosis. J Clin Periodontol. 2022 Mar;49(3):240-250. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.13588. Epub 2022 Jan 20.
Reference Type
DERIVED
Deng K, Pelekos G, Jin L, Tonetti MS. Gingival bleeding on brushing as a sentinel sign of gingival inflammation: A diagnostic accuracy trial for the discrimination of periodontal health and disease. J Clin Periodontol. 2021 Dec;48(12):1537-1548. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.13545. Epub 2021 Oct 4.
Reference Type
DERIVED
Other Identifiers
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HKUCTR-2631
Identifier Type: REGISTRY
Identifier Source: secondary_id
PhD20190130
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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