Study Results
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Basic Information
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COMPLETED
NA
30 participants
INTERVENTIONAL
2015-01-01
2019-09-30
Brief Summary
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Detailed Description
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Methodology This was a randomized, prospective study. 30 subjects aged from 8-9 years of age with reading difficulties and reading eye movement problems were recruited. They all have normal intelligence and ocular health, but failed to meet the Taylor reading eye movement norms when tested with the Visagraph III. The subjects were randomly assigned into either the treatment group (15) or the control group (15). The treatment group had to go through a course of oculomotor vision therapy and the control group was given placebo exercises. Vision therapy for the treatment group involved 8 weeks of training (office training - 3 times a week, 30 min per session; home training - 4 times a week, 30 min per session). Office training involved the use of Vis-Flex (Visual Flexibility Trainer - an electronic device with L.E.D. lights which can display various flashing patterns at variable speeds). Home training involved several saccadic eye movement exercises. Subjects and parents were also asked to grade the reading symptoms checklist before and after the training.
Conditions
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Study Design
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RANDOMIZED
PARALLEL
TREATMENT
SINGLE
Study Groups
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experimental
oculomotor training
oculomotor training
a sequence of vision training exercises which focused mainly in oculomotor skill
control
placebo vision training exercises
placebo
placebo vision training exercises involving minimal accommodation and vergence eye movement.
Interventions
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oculomotor training
a sequence of vision training exercises which focused mainly in oculomotor skill
placebo
placebo vision training exercises involving minimal accommodation and vergence eye movement.
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* Studying in mainstream primary schools (8-9 years of age)
* With normal near visual acuities for both eyes (with or without spectacles)
* Hyperopia below +4.00 D
* Myopia below -4.00 D
* Astigmatism below -2.00 D
* Anisometropia less than 2.0 D difference between the two eyes
* Near heterophoria within 0-4 exophoria
* Vertical heterophoria less than 1 prism dioptre
* Monocular amplitude of accommodation over 10 D in both eyes
* With parents who were willing to perform vision therapy exercises for the children at home on a regular basis
* Both genders were acceptable as Eden et al (1994) stated that gender had no effect on oculomotor skills
Exclusion Criteria
* Presence of eye diseases
* History of dyslexia (learning disability) or developmental delay
8 Years
9 Years
ALL
Yes
Sponsors
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The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
OTHER
Responsible Party
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Carly Lam
Professor
Principal Investigators
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Carly SY Lam
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
References
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Bigelow ER, McKenzie BE. Unstable ocular dominance and reading ability. Perception. 1985;14(3):329-35. doi: 10.1068/p140329.
Biscaldi M, Gezeck S, Stuhr V. Poor saccadic control correlates with dyslexia. Neuropsychologia. 1998 Nov;36(11):1189-202. doi: 10.1016/s0028-3932(97)00170-x.
Borsting EJ, Rouse MW, Mitchell GL, Scheiman M, Cotter SA, Cooper J, Kulp MT, London R; Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial Group. Validity and reliability of the revised convergence insufficiency symptom survey in children aged 9 to 18 years. Optom Vis Sci. 2003 Dec;80(12):832-8. doi: 10.1097/00006324-200312000-00014.
Bosse ML, Tainturier MJ, Valdois S. Developmental dyslexia: the visual attention span deficit hypothesis. Cognition. 2007 Aug;104(2):198-230. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2006.05.009. Epub 2006 Jul 21.
Bucci MP, Nassibi N, Gerard CL, Bui-Quoc E, Seassau M. Immaturity of the oculomotor saccade and vergence interaction in dyslexic children: evidence from a reading and visual search study. PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e33458. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033458. Epub 2012 Mar 16.
Eden GF, Stein JF, Wood HM, Wood FB. Differences in eye movements and reading problems in dyslexic and normal children. Vision Res. 1994 May;34(10):1345-58. doi: 10.1016/0042-6989(94)90209-7.
Hutzler F, Wimmer H. Eye movements of dyslexic children when reading in a regular orthography. Brain Lang. 2004 Apr;89(1):235-42. doi: 10.1016/S0093-934X(03)00401-2.
Jainta S, Kapoula Z. Dyslexic children are confronted with unstable binocular fixation while reading. PLoS One. 2011 Apr 6;6(4):e18694. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018694.
McConkie GW, Kerr PW, Reddix MD, Zola D. Eye movement control during reading: I. The location of initial eye fixations on words. Vision Res. 1988;28(10):1107-18. doi: 10.1016/0042-6989(88)90137-x.
McConkie GW, Kerr PW, Reddix MD, Zola D, Jacobs AM. Eye movement control during reading: II. Frequency of refixating a word. Percept Psychophys. 1989 Sep;46(3):245-53. doi: 10.3758/bf03208086.
Pavlidis GT. Eye movement differences between dyslexics, normal, and retarded readers while sequentially fixating digits. Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1985 Dec;62(12):820-32. doi: 10.1097/00006324-198512000-00003.
Poynter HL, Schor C, Haynes HM, Hirsch J. Oculomotor functions in reading disability. Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1982 Feb;59(2):116-27. doi: 10.1097/00006324-198202000-00002.
Prado C, Dubois M, Valdois S. The eye movements of dyslexic children during reading and visual search: impact of the visual attention span. Vision Res. 2007 Sep;47(19):2521-30. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2007.06.001. Epub 2007 Aug 23.
Rounds BB, Manley CW, Norris RH. The effect of oculomotor training on reading efficiency. J Am Optom Assoc. 1991 Feb;62(2):92-9.
Shainberg MJ. Vision therapy and orthoptics. Am Orthopt J. 2010;60:28-32. doi: 10.3368/aoj.60.1.28.
Solan HA. Deficient eye-movement patterns in achieving high school students: three case histories. J Learn Disabil. 1985 Feb;18(2):66-70. doi: 10.1177/002221948501800201. No abstract available.
Solan HA. Eye movement problems in achieving readers: an update. Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1985 Dec;62(12):812-9. doi: 10.1097/00006324-198512000-00002.
Other Identifiers
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HongKongPUVT
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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