Impact of Anesthesia Maintenance Methods on Long-term Survival
NCT ID: NCT02660411
Last Updated: 2022-03-04
Study Results
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Basic Information
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COMPLETED
NA
1228 participants
INTERVENTIONAL
2015-04-01
2020-09-30
Brief Summary
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Detailed Description
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A. Effects of anesthetics on immune function after surgery
The choice of general anesthetics might influence human's immune function after surgery. An international multicenter team (NCT00418457) investigated the effects of propofol-paravertebral anesthesia vs sevoflurane-opioid anesthesia on the immune function in patients after breast cancer surgery. In a small sample size (n = 32) randomized controlled trail published in 2010, postoperative serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1 (protumorigenic cytokine) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-3/9 (associated with cancer cell invasion and metastasis) were significantly lower (P = 0.003 and 0.011, respectively), whereas that of IL-10 (antitumorigenic cytokines) was significantly higher in the propofol group than in the sevoflurane group (P = 0.001). In another small sample size (n = 10) randomized controlled trail published in 2014, serum obtained from patients who received propofol anesthesia led to greater human donor natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity in vitro when compared with serum from those who received sevoflurane anesthesia. In a recent small sample size (n = 28) randomized controlled trial, the levels of NK and T helper cell infiltration in breast cancer tissue were significantly higher in patients receiving propofol anesthesia than those receiving sevoflurane anesthesia (P = 0.015 and 0.03, respectively).
Similar findings were reported in patients with other malignant tumors. In a small randomized controlled trial, 30 patients with non-small-cell lung cancer randomly received either propofol or isoflurane anesthesia. The results showed that cluster of differentiation (CD)4+CD28+ percentage (P \< 0.0001) and the ratio of interferon-gamma:interleukin-4 (P = 0.001) all increased significantly with propofol but no change with isoflurane anesthesia; indicating that propofol promotes activation and differentiation of peripheral T-helper cells. In another randomized controlled trial, 60 patients undergoing surgery for tongue cancer surgery randomly received total propofol, mixed (propofol induction and sevoflurane maintenance) anesthesia or total sevoflurane anesthesia. The results showed that the percentages of CD3+, CD3+CD4+, and NK cells and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ were significantly decreased in the two sevoflurane groups, but not in the total propofol group; suggesting that propofol has less effects on cellular immune response than sevoflurane. There are also studies that reported neutral results.
The above studies suggest that, when compared with inhalational anesthesia, propofol intravenous anesthesia may have favorable effects on the immune function in patients after cancer surgery. However, care must be taken when explaining these results: (1) the sample sizes of the available studies were small; (2) the relationship between postoperative immune function changes and long-term outcomes remains unclear.
B. Effects of anesthetics on invasiveness of malignant tumor
The effects of anesthetics on invasiveness of tumor cells were mainly tested in the experimental studies, i.e., tumor cells were incubated with anesthetics in the in vitro environment. In this aspect, propofol shows somewhat favorable effects. The results of Miao et al. showed that propofol stimulation decreased the expression of MMP-2 and -9 and subsequently decreased the invasive activity of human colon cancer cells, possibly via extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) down-regulation mediated through the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptor. The study of Wang et al. reported that propofol inhibited invasion and metastasis, and enhanced paclitaxel-induced apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells, possibly by suppressing the Slug expression. Ecimovic et al. also reported that propofol reduced migration in both estrogen receptor-positive and -negative breast cancer cells, possibly by suppressing the Neuroepithelial Cell Transforming Gene 1 (NET1) expression.
The reported effects of various inhalational anesthetics are conflicting. Huang et al. compared the effects of propofol and isoflurane on prostate cancer cells. The results showed that propofol, at clinical relevant concentration, inhibited the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 alpha, and partially reduced cancer cell malignant activities; whereas isoflurane raised HIF-1 alpha expression, and increased the probability of proliferation and migration. The study of Benaonana et al. reported similar results, i.e., isoflurane up-regulated the expression of HIFs, and increased the growth and malignant potential of renal cancer cells. On the other hand, sevoflurane and desflurane show opposite effects. Multiple studies found that sevoflurane inhibited the proliferation and migration, and induced apoptosis of lung cancer cells. Müller-Edenborn et al. also reported that volatile anesthetics (sevoflurane and desflurane) reduced invasion of colorectal cancer cells through down-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9.
So far, the clinical significance of anesthetics on the invasiveness of malignant tumors is still lacking.
C. Effect of anesthetics on long-term outcome after cancer surgery
Studies in this aspect are very limited. In the study of Enlund et al., 2838 patients who underwent breast cancer or colorectal cancer surgery were retrospectively analyzed, among them 1935 received sevoflurane anesthesia and 903 propofol anesthesia. The 1-year and 5-year survival rates were higher in propofol-anesthetized patients than in sevoflurane-anesthetized ones (differences in overall survival rate were 4.7%, P = 0.004 and 5.6%, P \< 0.001, respectively). However, the differences were not statistically significant after adjusting for confounding factors. In a recent study, Wigmore et al. retrospectively investigated 11,395 patients after cancer surgery. After exclusions and propensity matching, 2,607 patients remained in each of the inhalational anesthesia group or total intravenous anesthesia group. The results showed that, after a median follow-up duration of 2.66 years (95% confidence interval \[CI\] 2.62-2.69), volatile inhalational anesthesia was associated with a higher risk for death after both univariate (HR 1.59, 95% CI 1.30-1.95) and multivariable analysis (HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.29-1.66).
However, in this aspect, long-term follow-up results of randomized controlled trials are still lacking. Prospective studies exploring the effect of anesthetic choice on long-term survival in cancer surgery patients are urgently needed.
Conditions
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Study Design
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RANDOMIZED
PARALLEL
PREVENTION
TRIPLE
Study Groups
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Sevoflurane group
Anesthesia will be induced intravenously with midazolam (0.015-0.03 mg/kg), sufentanil, propofol, and rocuronium.
Sevoflurane will be administered by inhalation for anesthesia maintenance. The concentration of inhaled sevoflurane will be adjusted to maintain the bispectral index (BIS) value between 40 and 60. Analgesia will be supplemented with remifentanil (administered by continuous infusion), sufentanil (administered by intermittent injection/continuous infusion), or fentanyl (administered by intermittent injection).
Towards the end of surgery, sevoflurane inhalational concentration will be decreased and fentanyl/sufentanil will be administered when necessary. Sevoflurane inhalation will be stopped at the end of surgery.
Sevoflurane
Sevoflurane will be administered by inhalation for anesthesia maintenance. The concentration of inhaled sevoflurane will be adjusted to maintain the BIS value between 40 and 60. Sevoflurane inhalational concentration will be decreased towards the end of surgery. Sevoflurane inhalation will be stopped at the end of surgery.
Propofol group
Anesthesia will be induced intravenously with midazolam (0.015-0.03 mg/kg), sufentanil, propofol, and rocuronium.
Propofol will be administered by intravenous infusion for anesthesia maintenance. The infusion rate of propofol will be adjusted to maintain the BIS value between 40 and 60. Analgesia will be supplemented with remifentanil (administered by continuous infusion), sufentanil (administered by intermittent injection/continuous infusion), or fentanyl (administered by intermittent injection).
Towards the end of surgery, propofol infusion rate will be decreased and fentanyl/sufentanil will be administered when necessary. Propofol infusion will be stopped at the end of surgery.
Propofol
Propofol will be administered by intravenous infusion for anesthesia maintenance. The infusion rate of propofol will be adjusted to maintain the BIS value between 40 and 60. Propofol infusion rate will be decreased towards the end of surgery. Propofol infusion will be stopped at the end of surgery.
Interventions
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Sevoflurane
Sevoflurane will be administered by inhalation for anesthesia maintenance. The concentration of inhaled sevoflurane will be adjusted to maintain the BIS value between 40 and 60. Sevoflurane inhalational concentration will be decreased towards the end of surgery. Sevoflurane inhalation will be stopped at the end of surgery.
Propofol
Propofol will be administered by intravenous infusion for anesthesia maintenance. The infusion rate of propofol will be adjusted to maintain the BIS value between 40 and 60. Propofol infusion rate will be decreased towards the end of surgery. Propofol infusion will be stopped at the end of surgery.
Other Intervention Names
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
1. Age ≥ 65 years and \< 90 years;
2. Primary malignant tumor;
3. Do not receive radiation therapy or chemotherapy before surgery;
4. Scheduled to undergo surgery for the treatment of tumors, with an expected duration of 2 hours or more, under general anesthesia;
5. Agree to participate, and give signed written informed consent.
Exclusion Criteria
1. Preoperative history of schizophrenia, epilepsy, parkinsonism or myasthenia gravis;
2. Inability to communicate in the preoperative period (coma, profound dementia, language barrier, or end-stage disease);
3. Critical illness (preoperative American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification ≥ IV), severe hepatic dysfunction (Child-Pugh class C), or severe renal dysfunction (undergoing dialysis before surgery);
4. Neurosurgery;
5. Other reasons that are considered unsuitable for participation by the responsible surgeons or investigators (reasons must be recorded in the case report form).
65 Years
90 Years
ALL
No
Sponsors
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Hebei Medical University Fourth Hospital
OTHER
The People's Hospital of Ningxia
OTHER
Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University
OTHER
Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital
OTHER
Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University
OTHER
The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University
OTHER
Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University
OTHER
Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital
OTHER_GOV
Zhongda Hospital
OTHER
The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University
OTHER
Tang-Du Hospital
OTHER
Tianjin Nankai Hospital
OTHER
Shenzhen Second People's Hospital
OTHER
Peking University First Hospital
OTHER
Responsible Party
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Dong-Xin Wang
Professor and Chairman, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine
Principal Investigators
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Dong-Xin Wang, MD, PhD
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Peking University First Hospital
Locations
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Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University First Hospital
Beijing, Beijing Municipality, China
Beijing Shijitan Hospital
Beijing, Beijing Municipality, China
Peking University Cancer Hospital
Beijing, Beijing Municipality, China
University School and Hospital of Stomatology
Beijing, Beijing Municipality, China
Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University
Nanning, Guangxi, China
Shenzhen Second People's Hospital
Shenzhen, Guangzhou, China
Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital
Guiyang, Guizhou, China
Hebei Medical University Forth Hospital
Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University
Zhenzhou, Henan, China
The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University
Changsha, Hunan, China
Zhongda Hospital
Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Ningxia People's Hospital
Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University
Xining, Qinghai, China
Tang-Du Hospital
Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital
Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital
Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
Tianjin Nankai Hospital
Tianjin, , China
Countries
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References
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Weiser TG, Regenbogen SE, Thompson KD, Haynes AB, Lipsitz SR, Berry WR, Gawande AA. An estimation of the global volume of surgery: a modelling strategy based on available data. Lancet. 2008 Jul 12;372(9633):139-144. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60878-8. Epub 2008 Jun 24.
Deegan CA, Murray D, Doran P, Moriarty DC, Sessler DI, Mascha E, Kavanagh BP, Buggy DJ. Anesthetic technique and the cytokine and matrix metalloproteinase response to primary breast cancer surgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2010 Nov-Dec;35(6):490-5. doi: 10.1097/AAP.0b013e3181ef4d05.
Buckley A, McQuaid S, Johnson P, Buggy DJ. Effect of anaesthetic technique on the natural killer cell anti-tumour activity of serum from women undergoing breast cancer surgery: a pilot study. Br J Anaesth. 2014 Jul;113 Suppl 1:i56-62. doi: 10.1093/bja/aeu200. Epub 2014 Jul 9.
Desmond F, McCormack J, Mulligan N, Stokes M, Buggy DJ. Effect of anaesthetic technique on immune cell infiltration in breast cancer: a follow-up pilot analysis of a prospective, randomised, investigator-masked study. Anticancer Res. 2015 Mar;35(3):1311-9.
Ren XF, Li WZ, Meng FY, Lin CF. Differential effects of propofol and isoflurane on the activation of T-helper cells in lung cancer patients. Anaesthesia. 2010 May;65(5):478-82. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2010.06304.x. Epub 2010 Mar 19.
Zhang T, Fan Y, Liu K, Wang Y. Effects of different general anaesthetic techniques on immune responses in patients undergoing surgery for tongue cancer. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2014 Mar;42(2):220-7. doi: 10.1177/0310057X1404200209.
Margarit SC, Vasian HN, Balla E, Vesa S, Ionescu DC. The influence of total intravenous anaesthesia and isoflurane anaesthesia on plasma interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 concentrations after colorectal surgery for cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2014 Dec;31(12):678-84. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000057.
Miao Y, Zhang Y, Wan H, Chen L, Wang F. GABA-receptor agonist, propofol inhibits invasion of colon carcinoma cells. Biomed Pharmacother. 2010 Nov;64(9):583-8. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2010.03.006. Epub 2010 May 4.
Wang P, Chen J, Mu LH, Du QH, Niu XH, Zhang MY. Propofol inhibits invasion and enhances paclitaxel- induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells through the suppression of the transcription factor slug. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2013 Jul;17(13):1722-9.
Ecimovic P, Murray D, Doran P, Buggy DJ. Propofol and bupivacaine in breast cancer cell function in vitro - role of the NET1 gene. Anticancer Res. 2014 Mar;34(3):1321-31.
Huang H, Benzonana LL, Zhao H, Watts HR, Perry NJ, Bevan C, Brown R, Ma D. Prostate cancer cell malignancy via modulation of HIF-1alpha pathway with isoflurane and propofol alone and in combination. Br J Cancer. 2014 Sep 23;111(7):1338-49. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2014.426. Epub 2014 Jul 29.
Benzonana LL, Perry NJ, Watts HR, Yang B, Perry IA, Coombes C, Takata M, Ma D. Isoflurane, a commonly used volatile anesthetic, enhances renal cancer growth and malignant potential via the hypoxia-inducible factor cellular signaling pathway in vitro. Anesthesiology. 2013 Sep;119(3):593-605. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31829e47fd.
Liang H, Gu M, Yang C, Wang H, Wen X, Zhou Q. Sevoflurane inhibits invasion and migration of lung cancer cells by inactivating the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. J Anesth. 2012 Jun;26(3):381-92. doi: 10.1007/s00540-011-1317-y. Epub 2012 Feb 17.
Wei GH, Zhang J, Liao DQ, Li Z, Yang J, Luo NF, Gu Y. The common anesthetic, sevoflurane, induces apoptosis in A549 lung alveolar epithelial cells. Mol Med Rep. 2014 Jan;9(1):197-203. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1806. Epub 2013 Nov 18.
Liang H, Yang CX, Zhang B, Wang HB, Liu HZ, Lai XH, Liao MJ, Zhang T. Sevoflurane suppresses hypoxia-induced growth and metastasis of lung cancer cells via inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha. J Anesth. 2015 Dec;29(6):821-30. doi: 10.1007/s00540-015-2035-7. Epub 2015 May 23.
Muller-Edenborn B, Roth-Z'graggen B, Bartnicka K, Borgeat A, Hoos A, Borsig L, Beck-Schimmer B. Volatile anesthetics reduce invasion of colorectal cancer cells through down-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9. Anesthesiology. 2012 Aug;117(2):293-301. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3182605df1.
Enlund M, Berglund A, Andreasson K, Cicek C, Enlund A, Bergkvist L. The choice of anaesthetic--sevoflurane or propofol--and outcome from cancer surgery: a retrospective analysis. Ups J Med Sci. 2014 Aug;119(3):251-61. doi: 10.3109/03009734.2014.922649. Epub 2014 May 26.
Wigmore TJ, Mohammed K, Jhanji S. Long-term Survival for Patients Undergoing Volatile versus IV Anesthesia for Cancer Surgery: A Retrospective Analysis. Anesthesiology. 2016 Jan;124(1):69-79. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000936.
Cao SJ, Zhang Y, Zhang YX, Zhao W, Pan LH, Sun XD, Jia Z, Ouyang W, Ye QS, Zhang FX, Guo YQ, Ai YQ, Zhao BJ, Yu JB, Liu ZH, Yin N, Li XY, Ma JH, Li HJ, Wang MR, Sessler DI, Ma D, Wang DX; First Study of Perioperative Organ Protection (SPOP1) investigators. Long-term survival in older patients given propofol or sevoflurane anaesthesia for major cancer surgery: follow-up of a multicentre randomised trial. Br J Anaesth. 2023 Aug;131(2):266-275. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2023.01.023. Epub 2023 Jun 4.
Zhang Y, Li HJ, Wang DX, Jia HQ, Sun XD, Pan LH, Ye QS, Ouyang W, Jia Z, Zhang FX, Guo YQ, Ai YQ, Zhao BJ, Yang XD, Zhang QG, Yin N, Tan HY, Liu ZH, Yu JB, Ma D. Impact of inhalational versus intravenous anaesthesia on early delirium and long-term survival in elderly patients after cancer surgery: study protocol of a multicentre, open-label, and randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2017 Nov 28;7(11):e018607. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018607.
Other Identifiers
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ChiCTR-IPR-15006209
Identifier Type: REGISTRY
Identifier Source: secondary_id
2015[869]-2
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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