The Effects of Orange Juice on Insulin Sensitivity and Plasma Lipids

NCT ID: NCT01201603

Last Updated: 2025-11-28

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: COMPLETED
• Clinical Phase: NA
• Total Enrollment: 36 participants
• Study Classification: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2010-07-31
• Study Completion Date: 2013-11-30

Brief Summary

The aim of this study is primarily to investigate the ability of antioxidants found in orange juice (OJ) to increase the body's sensitivity to the hormone insulin. Overweight or mildly obese women, who are otherwise healthy, will be recruited. The time commitment for subjects is ~14wks. Subjects will attend the laboratory on 5 occasions after fasting from midnight. The 1st is a medical screening. Laboratory visits 2 & 5 will take ~5hrs and will be separated by 3 months, during which time subjects will consume 250ml of an orange drink (either OJ or an orange flavoured control drink) once a day. During visits 2 & 5, subjects will have a scan to assess their %body fat using a low-dose x-ray machine, and have their insulin sensitivity measured using a technique called a 'Glucose Clamp'. During the 3hr glucose clamp, subjects receive an infusion of the hormone insulin and a glucose solution directly into their blood stream, with insulin sensitivity determined from the amount of glucose required to maintain blood glucose at normal levels. In addition, a small sample of fat tissue (about the size of a haricot bean) will be taken from underneath the skin of the belly. Subjects will record their food intake for 3-days in weeks 3, 7 and 11 of consuming the drink, and come to the lab for visits 3&4 during weeks 4&8. Laboratory visits 3&4 repeat measurements taken in the 1st (screening) visit.

Detailed Description

Background:

Overweight and mild obesity are associated with insulin resistance and mild elevations in lipid risk factors which are not usually sufficiently abnormal to merit treatment. Such people are encouraged to lose weight to reduce their risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease, but there is clearly a potential role for dietary modifications to maximize any potential benefit of this weight loss. Flavonoids are known to have vascular effects which might enhance substrate delivery to metabolically active tissues, and thus improve insulin sensitivity. There are many different dietary sources of flavonoids, with fruits such as apples, berries and citrus being rich sources. However, some researchers have expressed concern that a high dietary intake of 100% juice may contribute to the development of insulin resistance, obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome (Bazzano, Li et al. 2008), although this is not universally accepted (Fujioka, Greenway et al. 2006; O'Neil and Nicklas 2008). To date, there have been no studies investigating the effects of citrus fruits on indices of cardio-metabolic health in people who are presently healthy but are at risk of developing some features of the Metabolic Syndrome.

Aims:

To investigate the effects of orange juice (OJ) intake on insulin sensitivity, appetite hormones, blood pressure and plasma lipids. In addition we aim to investigate any gene expression changes associated with OJ consumption, in particular in adipose tissue.

Experimental protocol and methods:

Overweight or obese women (BMI 27-35), who are otherwise healthy, will be recruited onto the study. They will attend the 'David Greenfield Human Physiology' laboratories on 5 convenient mornings, following an overnight fast. The 1st visit is a medical screening and will involve signing a consent form, completing medical screening, food frequency and activity questionnaires, having height, weight, and hip/waist circumference measurements taken and a sample of blood taken for CBC, urea, electrolytes, LFT, TFT, glucose and insulin analysis. Subjects will then be asked to complete a 3-day diet diary for macronutrient assessment and to consume a diet providing 50% of energy as carbohydrate for 3 days prior to the 2nd laboratory visit. This 2nd visit will involve having a DEXA body composition scan, an adipose tissue biopsy and a 3-hr hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic glucose clamp. Starting on the following morning, subjects will then consume an orange drink (either OJ or a carbohydrate matched orange flavoured drink) once a day for 12 wks. A 3-day diet diary for macronutrient assessment will be recorded during wks 3,7and 11 of taking the drink, and measurements made at screening will be repeated on visits 3 and 4 which will take place in weeks 4 and 8. A standardized diet will be consumed for 3 days prior to the final laboratory visit, as before. This 5th visit will be identical to visit 2.

Conditions

Insulin Resistance; Obesity

Study Design

• Allocation Method: RANDOMIZED
• Intervention Model: PARALLEL
• Primary Study Purpose: BASIC_SCIENCE
• Blinding Strategy: SINGLE

Study Groups

Orange Juice

Orange Juice reconstituted from frozen concerntrate

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

orange juice

Intervention Type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

250ml of orange juice or a sugars matched orange drink

Orange drink

Sugars matched orange drink

Group Type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR

orange juice

Intervention Type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

250ml of orange juice or a sugars matched orange drink

Interventions

orange juice

250ml of orange juice or a sugars matched orange drink

Intervention Type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

• pre-menopausal or post-menopausal and taking HRT
• BMI 27-35kg/m2
• HOMA-IR value > 1.5
• healthy

Exclusion Criteria

• pregnant or breast feeding,
• any metabolic or endocrine abnormalities,
• clinically significant abnormalities on screening,
• fasting glucose > 6.0mmol/l,
• taking medication other than the contraceptive pill or HRT
• herbal supplement use,
• food allergies/intolerances related to the investigational product (citrus juices, fructose)
• daily consumption of >100ml citrus juices

• Minimum Eligible Age: 18 Years
• Maximum Eligible Age: 55 Years
• Eligible Sex: FEMALE
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Sponsors

Florida Department of Citrus

OTHER

Sponsor Role: collaborator

University of Nottingham

OTHER

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

Elizabeth Simpson

Senior Research Fellow

Responsibility Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

Ian A Macdonald, PhD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

University of Nottingham

Locations

University of Nottingham

Nottingham, Notts, United Kingdom

Countries

United Kingdom

References

Bazzano LA, Li TY, Joshipura KJ, Hu FB. Intake of fruit, vegetables, and fruit juices and risk of diabetes in women. Diabetes Care. 2008 Jul;31(7):1311-7. doi: 10.2337/dc08-0080. Epub 2008 Apr 4.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 18390796 (View on PubMed)

Fujioka K, Greenway F, Sheard J, Ying Y. The effects of grapefruit on weight and insulin resistance: relationship to the metabolic syndrome. J Med Food. 2006 Spring;9(1):49-54. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2006.9.49.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 16579728 (View on PubMed)

O'Neil CE, Nicklas TA. A review of the relationship between 100% fruit juice consumption and weight in children and adolescents. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 2(4): 315-354, 2008.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Other Identifiers

RIS 100058

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id