This Randomized Controlled Trial Investigated the Effects of Two Preseason Training Protocols-Small-sided Games (SSG) and Supramaximal Interval Running (SIR)-on Aerobic Capacity and Training Load in Elite Turkish Football Players. Forty Participants Were Randomly Assigned to Either Group, and Traini

NCT ID: NCT07132294

Last Updated: 2025-08-20

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: COMPLETED
• Clinical Phase: NA
• Total Enrollment: 40 participants
• Study Classification: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2025-01-01
• Study Completion Date: 2025-06-01

Brief Summary

Purpose of the Study:

This study aimed to compare the physiological and performance-related effects of two different training methods in elite football players: supramaximal interval running (SIR) and small-sided games (SSG).

Who Can Participate:

Forty professional male football players (excluding goalkeepers) from the top two leagues in Turkey participated in this study. Participants were required to have no injuries or health problems that could affect their performance.

How the Study Will Work:

The study was conducted over a six-week preseason preparation period for the 2023-2024 season. Participants were randomly assigned to either the supramaximal interval running (SIR) group or the small-sided games (SSG) group. Both groups trained three times a week. Before and after the intervention, measurements such as maximal aerobic speed (MAS), total running distance, blood lactate levels, body composition (fat mass), and heart rate were taken.

Potential Benefits and Risks:

Both training approaches resulted in significant improvements in body weight, fat mass, running distance, and aerobic capacity. The information gained from this study could help determine the most effective training methods for elite football players. Since the study is similar to a standard training program, no serious risks are expected.

Results:

This study found that both supramaximal interval running (SIR) and small-sided games (SSG) training methods improved the physiological and performance outcomes of elite football players. However, the SIR protocol was found to be associated with more pronounced gains in aerobic capacity, anaerobic markers, and body composition. These findings emphasize the benefit of SIR during a short preseason preparation period. The results of the study can help in developing training programs tailored to individual needs and performance goals.

Detailed Description

Purpose of the Study:

The purpose of this study was to compare the physiological and performance-related effects of two different training methods in elite football players: supramaximal interval running (SIR) and small-sided games (SSG). The study specifically examined the concurrent effects of SIR and SSG within a structured off-season program.

Study Design:

This study employed a controlled, experimental pre-post-test design to compare the effects of SIR and SSG on physiological and performance outcomes in professional football players. Forty professional male outfield players from Türkiye's top two football leagues were randomly assigned to either the SIR or SSG groups. A six-week intervention was implemented during the preseason, with assessments conducted at baseline and post-intervention under standardized conditions.

Participants:

The study included 40 professional male football players from the Super League and the Trendyol 1st League in Turkey. Goalkeepers were excluded to ensure positional uniformity. Inclusion criteria were participation in at least 85% of scheduled training sessions, absence of musculoskeletal injuries or medical conditions affecting performance, and no use of medication or supplements influencing physiological responses.

Interventions:

SIR and SSG training were conducted three times per week over a six-week preseason period.

Supramaximal Interval Running (SIR):

SIR sessions were individualized based on each athlete's Maximal Aerobic Speed (MAS). The intensity was prescribed at 100% to 110% of each player's MAS, with each session consisting of eight sets. In the first three weeks, each set involved a 2-minute maximal effort run followed by 2 minutes of passive recovery. In the final three weeks, both intensity and duration were progressively increased, with each set extended to 3 minutes of maximal effort and 3 minutes of rest.

Small-Sided Games (SSG):

SSG sessions were implemented to develop agility, acceleration, tactical decision-making, and match-relevant conditioning. Over the six-week intervention, game formats progressed from 4v4 to 7v7, with gradual increases in duration and pitch dimensions to ensure a consistent training load. Each session consisted of four sets per game format, separated by 5-minute passive rest periods.

Measurements:

Assessments before and after the intervention included:

Body Composition: Body mass and fat mass were assessed using the InBody270 bioelectrical impedance analyzer.

Maximal Aerobic Speed (MAS): MAS was evaluated using a standardized 1,200-meter time trial.

Physiological and Performance Monitoring: Heart rate (HR) was continuously monitored using Polar H10 sensors. Internal training load was assessed using the Borg CR-10 scale for perceived exertion (RPE). Capillary blood samples were obtained post-session to measure blood lactate (LA) concentrations. Performance metrics were recorded with 50 Hz GPS devices and synchronized heart rate monitors.

Conditions

Exercise Performance; Aerobic Capacity

Study Design

• Allocation Method: RANDOMIZED
• Intervention Model: SINGLE_GROUP
• Primary Study Purpose: TREATMENT
• Blinding Strategy: NONE

Study Groups

Supramaximal Interval Running (SIR

Participants in this group performed supramaximal running intervals at 100-110% of their Maximal Aerobic Speed (MAS), three times per week for six weeks. The protocol consisted of 8 sets of maximal effort runs with passive recovery between bouts. Training progressed from 2-minute to 3-minute intervals during the study.

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Exercise Intervention

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Supramaximal Interval Running (SIR) This protocol was individualized based on each player's Maximal Aerobic Speed (MAS). Training intensities were prescribed at 100% to 110% of each player's MAS. Each session consisted of eight sets. During the first three weeks, each set involved a 2-minute maximal effort run followed by 2 minutes of passive recovery. In the final three weeks, the duration of each set was extended to a 3-minute maximal run with 3 minutes of passive rest, increasing intensity and volume. SIR sessions were designed to enhance anaerobic capacity and lactate tolerance.

Small-Sided Games (SSG) SSG sessions were implemented to develop agility, acceleration, tactical decision-making, and match-relevant conditioning. Training took place on regulation-size grass pitches, adjusted to maintain a consistent length-to-width ratio across all formats. Over the six-week intervention, game formats progressed from 4v4 to 7v7, with gradual increases in duration and pitch dimensions.

Supramaximal Interval Running

A high-intensity interval running protocol designed to improve aerobic and anaerobic capacity in professional football players. Training intensities were based on each participant's MAS and progressed in duration and intensity throughout the 6-week preseason phase.

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Exercise Intervention

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Supramaximal Interval Running (SIR) This protocol was individualized based on each player's Maximal Aerobic Speed (MAS). Training intensities were prescribed at 100% to 110% of each player's MAS. Each session consisted of eight sets. During the first three weeks, each set involved a 2-minute maximal effort run followed by 2 minutes of passive recovery. In the final three weeks, the duration of each set was extended to a 3-minute maximal run with 3 minutes of passive rest, increasing intensity and volume. SIR sessions were designed to enhance anaerobic capacity and lactate tolerance.

Small-Sided Games (SSG) SSG sessions were implemented to develop agility, acceleration, tactical decision-making, and match-relevant conditioning. Training took place on regulation-size grass pitches, adjusted to maintain a consistent length-to-width ratio across all formats. Over the six-week intervention, game formats progressed from 4v4 to 7v7, with gradual increases in duration and pitch dimensions.

Interventions

Exercise Intervention

Supramaximal Interval Running (SIR) This protocol was individualized based on each player's Maximal Aerobic Speed (MAS). Training intensities were prescribed at 100% to 110% of each player's MAS. Each session consisted of eight sets. During the first three weeks, each set involved a 2-minute maximal effort run followed by 2 minutes of passive recovery. In the final three weeks, the duration of each set was extended to a 3-minute maximal run with 3 minutes of passive rest, increasing intensity and volume. SIR sessions were designed to enhance anaerobic capacity and lactate tolerance.

Small-Sided Games (SSG) SSG sessions were implemented to develop agility, acceleration, tactical decision-making, and match-relevant conditioning. Training took place on regulation-size grass pitches, adjusted to maintain a consistent length-to-width ratio across all formats. Over the six-week intervention, game formats progressed from 4v4 to 7v7, with gradual increases in duration and pitch dimensions.

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Other Intervention Names

Structured Exercise Training

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

• Professional male football players who are actively playing in the Super League and the 1st League of Turkey.

Between the ages of 18 and 30. Agree to participate in at least 85% of the scheduled training sessions.

Exclusion Criteria

• Goalkeepers (to ensure positional uniformity). Presence of musculoskeletal injuries or medical conditions that could affect performance.

Use of any medication or supplements that could influence physiological responses.

Suffering an injury or illness during the study and failing to attend at least 85% of the training sessions.

• Minimum Eligible Age: 18 Years
• Maximum Eligible Age: 30 Years
• Eligible Sex: MALE
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Sponsors

Ondokuz Mayıs University

OTHER

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

Hamza Kucuk

Associate professor

Responsibility Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Locations

Ondokuz Mayis University

Atakent, Samsun, Turkey (Türkiye)

Countries

Turkey (Türkiye)

References

Tucker WJ, Angadi SS, Gaesser GA. Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption After High-Intensity and Sprint Interval Exercise, and Continuous Steady-State Exercise. J Strength Cond Res. 2016 Nov;30(11):3090-3097. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001399.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 26950358 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

76fb8a54f90e4d6c

Identifier Type: OTHER

Identifier Source: secondary_id

HKucuk-FootballTrial23

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id