A Comprehensive Assessment of Altered Embodiment in Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury

NCT ID: NCT06688916

Last Updated: 2025-10-08

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

RECRUITING

Total Enrollment

80 participants

Study Classification

OBSERVATIONAL

Study Start Date

2025-06-04

Study Completion Date

2026-05-31

Brief Summary

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Spinal cord injury (SCI) occurs when trauma or other factors damage the spinal cord, disrupting the flow of sensory information from the body to the brain. This interruption can interfere with embodiment-the body awareness and physical sensations processed by the brain-sometimes leading to a phenomenon called disembodiment.

For people with SCI, disembodiment may appear as unusual body sensations, like feeling that a limb is in a different position than it actually is. Such changes in body awareness can impact daily life, mental health, and rehabilitation outcomes.

Despite its importance, the study of embodiment in SCI remains limited. This project aims to explore how SCI alters embodiment, focusing on its specific characteristics, the effects on daily life, and the underlying brain activity as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Both people with and without SCI will participate.

Procedure: Participants will complete a single examination lasting 2 to 2.5 hours, including approximately 55 minutes in the MRI scanner (with preparation and follow-up).

Detailed Description

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Conditions

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Spinal Cord Injuries (SCI)

Study Design

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Observational Model Type

CASE_CONTROL

Study Time Perspective

PROSPECTIVE

Study Groups

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Individuals with SCI - Behavioral assessment

15 individuals with SCI will perform a comprehensive behavioral assessment of embodiment (see "Interventions"). A clinical assessment of sensory-motor symptoms will also be carried out.

Behavioral assessment

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

A comprehensive behavioral assessment of embodiment and its effect on daily living, taking into account pain, interoception, emotions and anxiety, sleep quality, life satsfaction and cognition.

Individuals with SCI - Behavioral assessment and fMRI

25 individuals with SCI will perform a comprehensive behavioral assessment of embodiment and neural correlates of embodiment will be explored by means of an fMRI procedure (see "Interventions"). A clinical assessment of sensory-motor symptoms will also be carried out.

Behavioral assessment

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

A comprehensive behavioral assessment of embodiment and its effect on daily living, taking into account pain, interoception, emotions and anxiety, sleep quality, life satsfaction and cognition.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Neural mechanisms of embodiments will be explored with MRI sequences including structural MRI, resting-state and task-based fMRI of the head.

The task will be a modified version of the rubber hand illusion, previously used to asess embodiment. Participants will be required to lay in the MRI with their legs bended upright and a screen placed at the level of their hips, which will show a pair of legs. The participant's leg will be stroked with a paintbrush while the image on the screen will be showing the virtual legs being stroked. Participants will be required to report how strongly they perceive the virtual legs as their own, as a measure of embodiment.

Healthy controls - Behavioral assessment

15 healthy controls will perform a comprehensive behavioral assessment of embodiment (see "Interventions").

Behavioral assessment

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

A comprehensive behavioral assessment of embodiment and its effect on daily living, taking into account pain, interoception, emotions and anxiety, sleep quality, life satsfaction and cognition.

Healthy controls - Behavioral assessment and fMRI

25 individuals with SCI will perform a comprehensive behavioral assessment of embodiment and neural correlates of embodiment will be explored by means of an fMRI procedure (see "Interventions").

Behavioral assessment

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

A comprehensive behavioral assessment of embodiment and its effect on daily living, taking into account pain, interoception, emotions and anxiety, sleep quality, life satsfaction and cognition.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Neural mechanisms of embodiments will be explored with MRI sequences including structural MRI, resting-state and task-based fMRI of the head.

The task will be a modified version of the rubber hand illusion, previously used to asess embodiment. Participants will be required to lay in the MRI with their legs bended upright and a screen placed at the level of their hips, which will show a pair of legs. The participant's leg will be stroked with a paintbrush while the image on the screen will be showing the virtual legs being stroked. Participants will be required to report how strongly they perceive the virtual legs as their own, as a measure of embodiment.

Interventions

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Behavioral assessment

A comprehensive behavioral assessment of embodiment and its effect on daily living, taking into account pain, interoception, emotions and anxiety, sleep quality, life satsfaction and cognition.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Neural mechanisms of embodiments will be explored with MRI sequences including structural MRI, resting-state and task-based fMRI of the head.

The task will be a modified version of the rubber hand illusion, previously used to asess embodiment. Participants will be required to lay in the MRI with their legs bended upright and a screen placed at the level of their hips, which will show a pair of legs. The participant's leg will be stroked with a paintbrush while the image on the screen will be showing the virtual legs being stroked. Participants will be required to report how strongly they perceive the virtual legs as their own, as a measure of embodiment.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* Age between 18 and 60
* Normal or corrected-to-normal visual acuity
* German or Italian native speaker


* Diagnosis of traumatic spinal cord injury
* Lesion level below T1 (first thoracic vertebra)
* Time since injury \>= 12 months
* Residual sensation on the upper leg (sensory capability of 1 or higher on at least one leg in the dermatomes L2 and L3 for both light touch and pin prick).

Exclusion Criteria

* Pregnancy or breastfeeding
* Diagnosis of other psychiatric or neurological disorders (e.g. epilepsy, tumor in the central nervous system)
* Confirmed diagnosis of alcohol and/or drug abuse with active consumption within the last 6 months
* Confirmed diagnosis of traumatic brain injury, intended as visible changes in the brain diagnosed by a radiologist
* Stroke
* Inability to perform study procedures (e.g. inability to consent)


* Active medical devices (e.g. cardiac pacemaker)
* Inability to perform study procedures (e.g. claustrophobia)
Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

65 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Sponsors

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Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil

NETWORK

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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Responsibility Role SPONSOR

Locations

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Swiss Paraplegic Research

Nottwil, Canton of Lucerne, Switzerland

Site Status RECRUITING

Countries

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Switzerland

Central Contacts

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Giuseppe A. Zito, Dr.

Role: CONTACT

0041419395586

Nicola Brunello, MSc

Role: CONTACT

0041419396578

Facility Contacts

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Nicola Brunello, MSc

Role: primary

0041419396578

Other Identifiers

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2024-13

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id

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