Study Results
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Basic Information
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RECRUITING
1500 participants
OBSERVATIONAL
2016-01-01
2025-12-31
Brief Summary
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Detailed Description
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This protocol presents a registry-based cohort study of drowning-related emergency medical calls to the EMDC (1-1-2 emergency phone) with 30-day follow-up.
Data from the national Danish Prehospital Drowning Data will be linked with audio files and electronic data from the EMDC database using the patient's unique civil registration numbers.
The investigators will construct two lists of variables: one list for OHCA and one for non-OHCA emergency calls. Data collection from the EMDC database will consist of three phases.
In phase 1, three independent reviewers will listen to 20 emergency calls on drowning (10 OHCA and 10 non-OHCA) to identify relevant variables from the calls (e.g., presence of key symptoms \[since an emergency call often does not contain information regarding the absence of symptoms\], communication barriers \[anything that comes in the way of receiving and understanding information\], pre-arrival instructions to callers etc.).
In phase 2, the same reviewers will listen to 20 other emergency calls (10 OHCA and 10 non-OHCA) and use the lists for data collection to determine the data availability and completeness. This may result in modifications to the lists of variables. The investigators will use the results as a basis for reviewer training and calculate inter-rater reliability.
Once the reviewers' performances are satisfying (defined as Fleiss kappa ≥0.8), the investigators will move to phase 3 and collect data for all the drowning calls. Emergency calls will be stratified as OHCA or non-OHCA calls.
Conditions
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Study Design
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COHORT
RETROSPECTIVE
Study Groups
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Fatal drowning
These patients experienced a drowning incident and died within 30 days after the incident because of their submersion injury.
Drowning-related OHCA
These patients were involved in a drowning incident (submersion or immersion in liquid) and experienced out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), defined as being unconscious and not breathing normally at any time in the prehospital setting. Some of these patients may die as a consequence of the submersion injury (fatal drowning), while others may survive (non-fatal drowning).
Drowning-related non-OHCA
These patients were involved in a drowning incident (submersion or immersion in liquid) but did not experience an OHCA. Some of these patients may die as a consequence of the submersion injury (fatal drowning), while others may survive (non-fatal drowning).
Non-fatal drowning
These patients experienced a drowning incident and survived until 30 days after the incident.
Drowning-related OHCA
These patients were involved in a drowning incident (submersion or immersion in liquid) and experienced out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), defined as being unconscious and not breathing normally at any time in the prehospital setting. Some of these patients may die as a consequence of the submersion injury (fatal drowning), while others may survive (non-fatal drowning).
Drowning-related non-OHCA
These patients were involved in a drowning incident (submersion or immersion in liquid) but did not experience an OHCA. Some of these patients may die as a consequence of the submersion injury (fatal drowning), while others may survive (non-fatal drowning).
Interventions
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Drowning-related OHCA
These patients were involved in a drowning incident (submersion or immersion in liquid) and experienced out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), defined as being unconscious and not breathing normally at any time in the prehospital setting. Some of these patients may die as a consequence of the submersion injury (fatal drowning), while others may survive (non-fatal drowning).
Drowning-related non-OHCA
These patients were involved in a drowning incident (submersion or immersion in liquid) but did not experience an OHCA. Some of these patients may die as a consequence of the submersion injury (fatal drowning), while others may survive (non-fatal drowning).
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
Exclusion Criteria
* A valid Do-Not-Attempt-Resuscitation (DNAR) order or other code status orders limiting life-sustaining therapies
* Missing or corrupted audio files
* Missing identification number
* Missing 30-day survival
ALL
No
Sponsors
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Prehospital Center, Region Zealand
OTHER
Responsible Party
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Niklas Breindahl
Principal Investigator
Principal Investigators
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Helle Collatz Christensen, MD, PhD, Ass. Prof.
Role: STUDY_DIRECTOR
Prehospital Center, Region Zealand
Locations
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Prehospital Center Region Zealand
Næstved, , Denmark
Countries
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Central Contacts
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Facility Contacts
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References
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Breindahl N, Wolthers SA, Jensen TW, Holgersen MG, Blomberg SNF, Steinmetz J, Christensen HC; Danish Cardiac Arrest Group. Danish Drowning Formula for identification of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest from drowning. Am J Emerg Med. 2023 Nov;73:55-62. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2023.08.024. Epub 2023 Aug 15.
Breindahl N, Wolthers SA, Moller TP, Blomberg SNF, Steinmetz J, Christensen HC; Danish Drowning Validation Group. Characteristics and critical care interventions in drowning patients treated by the Danish Air Ambulance from 2016 to 2021: a nationwide registry-based study with 30-day follow-up. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2024 Mar 6;32(1):17. doi: 10.1186/s13049-024-01189-y.
Other Identifiers
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DROWN_CALL
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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