Just-in-time Interventions for Reducing Short-term Suicide Risk

NCT ID: NCT05793541

Last Updated: 2025-10-23

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: RECRUITING
• Clinical Phase: NA
• Total Enrollment: 185 participants
• Study Classification: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2024-11-19
• Study Completion Date: 2026-12-31

Brief Summary

The goal of this study is to test the effects of just-in-time intervention strategies aimed to promote implementation of the safety plan and its components at different levels of suicidal urges and intent. The main questions the investigators aim to answer are:

1. What is the acceptability and feasibility of the just-in-time intervention strategies?

2. What are the proximal effects of just-in-time intervention strategies aimed to promote use of the safety plan and its components?

3. What internal and external contextual factors moderate the just-in-time intervention effects?

Participants (adults hospitalized for suicidal thoughts or behaviors) will:

• Answer questions about current suicidal thoughts on their smartphone up to 4 times each day during both hospitalization and the 4 weeks after they leave the hospital
• Each time they submit a survey, be immediately randomized to receive (or not receive) a just-in-time intervention tailored to their level of current suicidal thoughts
• Answer brief follow-up questions on their smartphone within a couple hours of each randomization
• Provide feedback on their experience with the just-in-time interventions

Detailed Description

As the 12th leading cause of death in the United States, suicide is an alarmingly prevalent public health problem. The time period of highest risk for suicide and related behavior (SRB) is immediately (e.g., the weeks) following psychiatric hospitalization. Effective and scalable strategies for preventing SRB among individuals recently discharged from inpatient treatment are urgently needed. Encouragingly, brief evidence-based interventions now exist that reduce risk for suicide after acute psychiatric care. A primary example is safety planning, which involves developing a prioritized list of coping strategies and sources of support that people can use to mitigate future suicidal crises; this intervention is now recommended as part of standard inpatient clinical care. However, it has been shown that well over one-third of suicidal patients who have a safety plan never use it. Additionally, little is known about when (and for whom) specific components of the safety plan, which includes internal coping strategies, social support activities, and help-seeking behaviors, are most accessible and effective. Optimizing real-world safety plan use with scalable intervention strategies delivered via mobile technology has great potential to improve the effectiveness of an already promising intervention and advance precision treatment for high-risk individuals.

This project will employ the recently developed micro-randomized trial (MRT) design to test the effectiveness of brief, just-in-time interventions aimed to promote real-world use of the safety plan and its specific components. Both the method (e.g., phone call or text messaging by a human or automated forms of smartphone-based messaging) and content (e.g., recommendation to use the safety plan in its entirety or a specific component) will be randomized according to individuals' current levels of suicidal urges and intent. Participants will be psychiatric inpatients admitted for suicidal thoughts or behaviors who agree to participate in an intensive longitudinal monitoring protocol involving real-time smartphone-based surveys for the 28 days after hospitalization; after each completed survey, participants will be repeatedly "micro-randomized" to one of several just-in-time interventions. The investigators will test the hypotheses that the brief just-in-time interventions will be both acceptable and feasible, and associated with increased use of safety plan components (target mechanism) and reductions in suicidal thoughts (proximal outcome) at varying levels of suicidal thoughts, and that intervention effects will vary by both intervention method and content. The investigators will also explore internal and external contextual moderators (e.g., affect, social support) of proximal intervention effects, and collect qualitative data that will inform intervention refinement as well as the future development and implementation of just-in-time adaptive interventions.

The investigators will first conduct a small pilot MRT (N=10 participants), after which qualitative feedback collected on the intervention methods, content, amount of support, timing, and triggering, as well as overall data on acceptability and feasibility, will be used to refine the interventions before the full MRT (per Question #1 outlined above). The full MRT of the refined just-in-time interventions will be conducted in N=175 participants (and answer Questions #2 and #3 above).

Conditions

Suicide

Study Design

• Allocation Method: NA
• Intervention Model: SINGLE_GROUP
• Primary Study Purpose: TREATMENT
• Blinding Strategy: NONE

Study Groups

Just-in-time intervention for promoting use of the safety plan or its components

Completed surveys will be assigned to a risk level (High Risk, Medium/Low Risk, or No Risk) based on self-reported level of suicidal urge and intent. Participants will be "micro-randomized" to one of the available intervention options based on the survey's risk level. All interventions will include reminders to use the safety plan or its components. At High Risk, participants will be randomized to either receive a phone call from a clinician, text messaging from a clinician, or automated interactive smartphone tool. At Medium/Low risk, participants will be randomized to receive an automated interactive smartphone tool, non-interactive pop-up messages, or no intervention. No randomization will occur (and no intervention given) at No Risk.

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Phone call

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

A phone call from a trained study clinician that uses a standardized phone script to (a) conduct a risk assessment and (b) recommend that the participant use their safety plan (any and all included components), which will be reviewed and revised as-needed during the call. This intervention occurs at High Risk only.

Text messaging

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

A text message conversation initiated by a trained study clinician that uses a standardized text messaging script to (a) conduct a risk assessment and (b) recommend that the participant use their safety plan (any and all included components), which will be reviewed and revised as-needed during the text messaging interaction. This intervention occurs at High Risk only.

Automated interactive smartphone-based tool

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

An automated interactive, smartphone-based tool that will (a) (at High Risk only) guide the participant through a risk assessment and (b) (at High and Medium/Low Risk) present recommendation to use and a review of the safety plan.

Non-interactive pop-up messages

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Automated non-interactive, static pop-up messages that recommend use of the safety plan or its components (Medium/Low Risk only).

Interventions

Phone call

A phone call from a trained study clinician that uses a standardized phone script to (a) conduct a risk assessment and (b) recommend that the participant use their safety plan (any and all included components), which will be reviewed and revised as-needed during the call. This intervention occurs at High Risk only.

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Text messaging

A text message conversation initiated by a trained study clinician that uses a standardized text messaging script to (a) conduct a risk assessment and (b) recommend that the participant use their safety plan (any and all included components), which will be reviewed and revised as-needed during the text messaging interaction. This intervention occurs at High Risk only.

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Automated interactive smartphone-based tool

An automated interactive, smartphone-based tool that will (a) (at High Risk only) guide the participant through a risk assessment and (b) (at High and Medium/Low Risk) present recommendation to use and a review of the safety plan.

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Non-interactive pop-up messages

Automated non-interactive, static pop-up messages that recommend use of the safety plan or its components (Medium/Low Risk only).

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

• Experiencing suicidal thoughts as part of their inpatient admission
• Access to a smartphone following discharge
• Ability to speak and write English fluently

Exclusion Criteria

• Any factor that impairs the ability to effectively participate in the study (e.g., significant cognitive impairment, intellectual disability, presence of violent behavior, psychotic illness/symptoms determined by the treating clinician to impair ability to understand the study or provide informed consent)
• Failure to correctly answer all true/false questions in the consent form

• Minimum Eligible Age: 18 Years
• Eligible Sex: ALL
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Sponsors

University of Michigan

OTHER

Sponsor Role: collaborator

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

NIH

Sponsor Role: collaborator

Massachusetts General Hospital

OTHER

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

Rebecca G. Fortgang, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor

Responsibility Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Locations

Mass General Brigham

Boston, Massachusetts, United States

Site Status: RECRUITING

Countries

United States

Central Contacts

Kate Bentley, PhD

Role: CONTACT

kbentley@mgh.harvard.edu

617-724-7741

Walter Dempsey, PhD

Role: CONTACT

wdem@umich.edu

Facility Contacts

Kate Bentley, PhD

Role: primary

kbentley@mgh.harvard.edu

617-724-7741

References

Chung DT, Ryan CJ, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Singh SP, Stanton C, Large MM. Suicide Rates After Discharge From Psychiatric Facilities: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017 Jul 1;74(7):694-702. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.1044.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 28564699 (View on PubMed)

Chung D, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Wang M, Swaraj S, Olfson M, Large M. Meta-analysis of suicide rates in the first week and the first month after psychiatric hospitalisation. BMJ Open. 2019 Mar 23;9(3):e023883. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023883.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 30904843 (View on PubMed)

Doupnik SK, Rudd B, Schmutte T, Worsley D, Bowden CF, McCarthy E, Eggan E, Bridge JA, Marcus SC. Association of Suicide Prevention Interventions With Subsequent Suicide Attempts, Linkage to Follow-up Care, and Depression Symptoms for Acute Care Settings: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020 Oct 1;77(10):1021-1030. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.1586.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 32584936 (View on PubMed)

Hedegaard H, Curtin SC, Warner M. Suicide Mortality in the United States, 1999-2019. NCHS Data Brief. 2021 Feb;(398):1-8.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 33663651 (View on PubMed)

Klasnja P, Hekler EB, Shiffman S, Boruvka A, Almirall D, Tewari A, Murphy SA. Microrandomized trials: An experimental design for developing just-in-time adaptive interventions. Health Psychol. 2015 Dec;34S(0):1220-8. doi: 10.1037/hea0000305.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 26651463 (View on PubMed)

National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention: Transforming Health Systems Initiative Work Group. Recommended standard care for people with suicide risk: Making health care suicide safe. Washington, DC: Education Development Center, Inc.; 2018.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Stanley B, Brown GK. Safety planning intervention: A brief intervention to mitigate suicide risk. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice. 2012; 19(2): 256-264.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Stanley B, Chaudhury SR, Chesin M, Pontoski K, Bush AM, Knox KL, Brown GK. An Emergency Department Intervention and Follow-Up to Reduce Suicide Risk in the VA: Acceptability and Effectiveness. Psychiatr Serv. 2016 Jun 1;67(6):680-3. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201500082. Epub 2016 Feb 1.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 26828397 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

2023P000595

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id