Iron and Muscular Damage: FEmale Metabolism and Menstrual Cycle During Exercise
NCT ID: NCT04458662
Last Updated: 2020-07-07
Study Results
The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.
Basic Information
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COMPLETED
103 participants
OBSERVATIONAL
2017-01-01
2020-06-01
Brief Summary
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Detailed Description
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Conditions
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Study Design
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COHORT
CROSS_SECTIONAL
Study Groups
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Eumenorrheic women
The project consisted on two sections carrying out at the same time: Iron physiology (Study I) and Muscle damage (Study II).
For the study I, the exercise protocol consisted on an interval running test. 5 min warm-up at 60% of the vVO2peak followed by 8 bouts of 3 min at 85% of the vVO2peak with 90 secs recovery at 30% of the vVO2peak between bouts. Finally, a 5 min cool down was performed at 30% of the vVO2peak.
The study II protocol was based on an eccentric-based resistance exercise protocol consisted on 10 sets of 10 reps of plate-loaded parallel back squats at 60% of their previously calculated 1RM with 2 mins recoveries between sets.
In both studies, eumenorrheic participants were evaluated at three specific moments of the menstrual cycle: Early-follicular phase (EFP), late-follicular phase (LFP) and mid-luteal phase (MLP);
Interval running protocol / eccentric-based resistance exercise protocol
Oral contraceptive users
The project consisted on two sections carrying out at the same time: Iron physiology (Study I) and Muscle damage (Study II).
For the study I, the exercise protocol consisted on an interval running test. 5 min warm-up at 60% of the vVO2peak followed by 8 bouts of 3 min at 85% of the vVO2peak with 90 secs recovery at 30% of the vVO2peak between bouts. Finally, a 5 min cool down was performed at 30% of the vVO2peak.
The study II protocol was based on an eccentric-based resistance exercise protocol consisted on 10 sets of 10 reps of plate-loaded parallel back squats at 60% of their previously calculated 1RM with 2 mins recoveries between sets.
Oral contraceptive users performed the trial at two moments: Withdrawal phase (WP) and active pill phase (APP).
Interval running protocol / eccentric-based resistance exercise protocol
Postmenopausal women
he project consisted on two sections carrying out at the same time: Iron physiology (Study I) and Muscle damage (Study II).
For the study I, the exercise protocol consisted on an interval running test. 5 min warm-up at 60% of the vVO2peak followed by 8 bouts of 3 min at 85% of the vVO2peak with 90 secs recovery at 30% of the vVO2peak between bouts. Finally, a 5 min cool down was performed at 30% of the vVO2peak.
The study II protocol was based on an eccentric-based resistance exercise protocol consisted on 10 sets of 10 reps of plate-loaded parallel back squats at 60% of their previously calculated 1RM with 2 mins recoveries between sets.
Postmenopausal women were tested only once, since their hormonal status does not fluctuate.
Interval running protocol / eccentric-based resistance exercise protocol
Interventions
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Interval running protocol / eccentric-based resistance exercise protocol
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* Healthy adult females between 18 and 40 years old for eumerroheic and oral contraceptive groups or under 60 years old for postmenopausal women.
* Presenting with healthy iron parameters (serum ferritin \>20μg/l, haemoglobin \>115 μg/l and transferrin saturation \>16%).
* Performing endurance training between 5 and 12 h per week (study I) or experienced in resistance training performing at least 1 h session two times per week during a minimum of a year (study II).
Exclusion Criteria
* Any existing disease and/or metabolic or hormonal disorder.
* Any musculoskeletal injury in the last six months prior to the beginning of the project.
* Any surgery interventions (e.g. ovariectomy) or other medical conditions that would be exacerbated by an eccentric resistance exercise protocol.
* Regular use of medication or dietary supplements that could affect the results (e.g. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs).
* Taking medication that alters vascular function (e.g. tricyclic antidepressants, α-blockers, β-blockers, etc.).
* Pregnancies in the year preceding.
* Smoking.
18 Years
60 Years
FEMALE
Yes
Sponsors
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Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain
OTHER_GOV
Universidad Politecnica de Madrid
OTHER
Responsible Party
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ANA BELEN PEINADO LOZANO
Associate Professor
Principal Investigators
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Ana Belén Peinado
Role: STUDY_DIRECTOR
LFE Research Group. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
Locations
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Laboratorio de Fisiología Del Esfuerzo. Facultad de Ciencias de La Actividad Física Y Del Deporte. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.
Madrid, , Spain
Countries
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References
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Lehtihet M, Bonde Y, Beckman L, Berinder K, Hoybye C, Rudling M, Sloan JH, Konrad RJ, Angelin B. Circulating Hepcidin-25 Is Reduced by Endogenous Estrogen in Humans. PLoS One. 2016 Feb 11;11(2):e0148802. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148802. eCollection 2016.
Hou Y, Zhang S, Wang L, Li J, Qu G, He J, Rong H, Ji H, Liu S. Estrogen regulates iron homeostasis through governing hepatic hepcidin expression via an estrogen response element. Gene. 2012 Dec 15;511(2):398-403. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.09.060. Epub 2012 Oct 3.
Ikeda Y, Tajima S, Izawa-Ishizawa Y, Kihira Y, Ishizawa K, Tomita S, Tsuchiya K, Tamaki T. Estrogen regulates hepcidin expression via GPR30-BMP6-dependent signaling in hepatocytes. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e40465. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040465. Epub 2012 Jul 11.
Li X, Rhee DK, Malhotra R, Mayeur C, Hurst LA, Ager E, Shelton G, Kramer Y, McCulloh D, Keefe D, Bloch KD, Bloch DB, Peterson RT. Progesterone receptor membrane component-1 regulates hepcidin biosynthesis. J Clin Invest. 2016 Jan;126(1):389-401. doi: 10.1172/JCI83831. Epub 2015 Dec 14.
Yang Q, Jian J, Katz S, Abramson SB, Huang X. 17beta-Estradiol inhibits iron hormone hepcidin through an estrogen responsive element half-site. Endocrinology. 2012 Jul;153(7):3170-8. doi: 10.1210/en.2011-2045. Epub 2012 Apr 25.
Thompson B, Almarjawi A, Sculley D, Janse de Jonge X. The Effect of the Menstrual Cycle and Oral Contraceptives on Acute Responses and Chronic Adaptations to Resistance Training: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Sports Med. 2020 Jan;50(1):171-185. doi: 10.1007/s40279-019-01219-1.
McClung JP. Iron status and the female athlete. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2012 Jun;26(2-3):124-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2012.03.006. Epub 2012 May 7.
Kendall B, Eston R. Exercise-induced muscle damage and the potential protective role of estrogen. Sports Med. 2002;32(2):103-23. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200232020-00003.
Tiidus PM, Lowe DA, Brown M. Estrogen replacement and skeletal muscle: mechanisms and population health. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2013 Sep 1;115(5):569-78. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00629.2013. Epub 2013 Jul 18.
Sim M, Dawson B, Landers G, Swinkels DW, Tjalsma H, Yeap BB, Trinder D, Peeling P. Oral contraception does not alter typical post-exercise interleukin-6 and hepcidin levels in females. J Sci Med Sport. 2015 Jan;18(1):8-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2013.11.008. Epub 2013 Nov 28.
Sipaviciene S, Daniuseviciute L, Kliziene I, Kamandulis S, Skurvydas A. Effects of estrogen fluctuation during the menstrual cycle on the response to stretch-shortening exercise in females. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:243572. doi: 10.1155/2013/243572. Epub 2013 Sep 12.
Janse DE Jonge X, Thompson B, Han A. Methodological Recommendations for Menstrual Cycle Research in Sports and Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2019 Dec;51(12):2610-2617. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002073.
Romero-Parra N, Barba-Moreno L, Rael B, Alfaro-Magallanes VM, Cupeiro R, Diaz AE, Calderon FJ, Peinado AB. Influence of the Menstrual Cycle on Blood Markers of Muscle Damage and Inflammation Following Eccentric Exercise. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Mar 2;17(5):1618. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17051618.
Guisado-Cuadrado I, Romero-Parra N, Cupeiro R, Elliott-Sale KJ, Sale C, Peinado AB. Effect of eccentric-based resistance exercise on bone (re)modelling markers across the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive cycle. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2025 May;125(5):1463-1473. doi: 10.1007/s00421-024-05693-y. Epub 2024 Dec 30.
Guisado-Cuadrado I, Alfaro-Magallanes VM, Romero-Parra N, Rael B, Guadalupe-Grau A, Peinado AB. Influence of sex hormones status and type of training on regional bone mineral density in exercising females. Eur J Sport Sci. 2023 Nov;23(11):2139-2147. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2023.2211947. Epub 2023 May 17.
Alfaro-Magallanes VM, Barba-Moreno L, Romero-Parra N, Rael B, Benito PJ, Swinkels DW, Laarakkers CM, Diaz AE, Peinado AB; IronFEMME Study Group. Menstrual cycle affects iron homeostasis and hepcidin following interval running exercise in endurance-trained women. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2022 Dec;122(12):2683-2694. doi: 10.1007/s00421-022-05048-5. Epub 2022 Sep 21.
Related Links
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IronFEMME project official web page
Other Identifiers
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DEP2016-75387-P
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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