The Effectiveness of Biofeedback for Individuals With Long-term Post-concussive Symptoms

NCT ID: NCT03338036

Last Updated: 2022-08-09

Study Results

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Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

31 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2018-01-01

Study Completion Date

2018-08-31

Brief Summary

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Most concussions resolve within 7-10 days, but approximately 40% of individuals do not fully recover and suffer from persistent post-concussive symptoms. This 8-week intervention study will evaluate the efficacy of heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback and neurofeedback on reducing the number and severity of concussion symptoms.

Detailed Description

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40% of minor head injuries are diagnosed with post-concussion syndrome 3 months after injury (Ingebrigtsen, Waterloo, Marup-Jensen, Attner, \& Romner, 1998). These individuals have persistent symptoms after completing conventional rehabilitation programs. Persistent post-concussion symptoms not only decrease quality of life (Ingebrigtsen et al, 1998), but also impair cognitive and motor performance and increase the likelihood of impaired driving performance (Preece, Horswill, \& Geffen, 2010) and motor vehicle accidents (Bivona et al, 2012). While case reports indicate that biofeedback can reduce the number and severity of post-concussive symptoms (Lagos, Thompson, \& Vaschillo, 2013; Thompson, Thompson, Reid-Chung, \& Thompson, 2013), no studies have systematically evaluated these biofeedback treatment programs.

HRV biofeedback works by displaying beat-to-beat heart rate data to the participant, and through operant conditioning with breathing techniques, the participant learns to control their HRV (Lehrer \& Gevirtz, 2014). This results in an increase in parasympathetic (PNS) activity and decrease in sympathetic (SNS) activity, which leads to reduced anxiety, and increased focus and concentration (Lagos, Bottiglieri, Vaschillo, \& Vaschillo, 2012). Neurofeedback works in a similar fashion, except it monitors brain wave power, frequency, and connectivity using quantitative electroencephalogram (EEG). Brain functioning is displayed while playing an electronic game, and the participant learns through operant conditioning to increase the amplitude of desired EEG frequencies, such as low beta waves that are associated with active problem solving, usually while simultaneously decreasing the amplitudes of undesired EEG frequencies (Conder \& Conder, 2014).

This will be an eight-week intervention where participants suffering from long-term post-concussion symptoms will be recruited using email from the cohort of individuals that have been discharged after completing a concussion rehabilitation protocol (BrainEx90) at Parkwood Institute in London, Ontario. Non-concussed control participants will be recruited using posters. Participants will complete pre, mid, and post-intervention driving simulation tasks, electrocardiogram and HRV measures, and subjective questionnaires. These will be utilized to evaluate the effectiveness of HRV biofeedback and neurofeedback in this difficult to treat population.

Conditions

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Post-Concussion Syndrome

Study Design

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Allocation Method

NON_RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

PARALLEL

This study will include two intervention arms and two control arms. The intervention arms will include 1) heart rate variability biofeedback, 2) a combination of heart rate variability biofeedback and neurofeedback. The control arms will be 1) age-matched post-concussive individuals and 2) age-matched individuals who have not been diagnosed with a concussion in the last two years.
Primary Study Purpose

TREATMENT

Blinding Strategy

NONE

Study Groups

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Heart Rate Variability/Neurofeedback

Participants in this arm of the study will receive HRV biofeedback and neurofeedback. HRV biofeedback will occur twice daily, using an android device and application. Additionally, three times per week they will have one-hour long neurofeedback sessions.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback

Intervention Type DEVICE

HRV biofeedback constitutes initial training with the android device and application, and HRV training performed at home. This training will occur twice daily, and each session will take five minutes.

Neurofeedback

Intervention Type DEVICE

LORETA Z-Score neurofeedback training will occur three times per week with a trained study investigator.

Post-Concussed Control Group

Age-matched, previously concussed individuals that have completed the same concussion rehabilitation program (Brain Ex 90) will be recruited for this arm.

Group Type NO_INTERVENTION

No interventions assigned to this group

Non-Concussed Control Group

Age-matched individuals who have not been diagnosed with a concussion in the previous two years

Group Type NO_INTERVENTION

No interventions assigned to this group

Interventions

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Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback

HRV biofeedback constitutes initial training with the android device and application, and HRV training performed at home. This training will occur twice daily, and each session will take five minutes.

Intervention Type DEVICE

Neurofeedback

LORETA Z-Score neurofeedback training will occur three times per week with a trained study investigator.

Intervention Type DEVICE

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

Participants in HRV and the HRV/Neurofeedback intervention arms, and the post-concussion control arm:

1. Previously suffered a clinically diagnosed concussion
2. Participated in, completed, and have been discharged from the BrainEx90 outpatient concussion rehabilitation program at Parkwood Institute
3. Continued post-concussive symptoms
4. 18 years of age or older
5. Access to transportation
6. Capable of utilizing hand-held technology (ie. cell phone, tablet, etc.)
7. Holds a valid Driver's License
8. English speaking

Participants in the non-concussed control arm:

1. 18 years of age or older
2. Holds a valid driver's license
3. English speaking
4. Has not suffered a concussion in the last two years

Exclusion Criteria

All participants:

1. Any heart disease, pacemaker, abnormal heartbeat patterns, coronary artery disease, or bypass surgery
2. Any mental health disorder that would interfere with participation in the study
3. Under 18 years of age
4. Unable to provide written informed consent or complete questionnaires due to language or cognitive difficulties
5. Inability to operate a motor vehicle
6. Inability to look at a digital screen for 30 minutes

Participants in the non-concussed control arm:

1\. Suffered a concussion in the last two years
Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Sponsors

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Parkwood Hospital, London, Ontario

OTHER

Sponsor Role collaborator

Western University, Canada

OTHER

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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James Dickey

Sponsor-Investigator

Responsibility Role PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

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James P Dickey, PhD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Western University

Locations

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University of Western Ontario

London, Ontario, Canada

Site Status

Countries

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Canada

References

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Bivona U, D'Ippolito M, Giustini M, Vignally P, Longo E, Taggi F, Formisano R. Return to driving after severe traumatic brain injury: increased risk of traffic accidents and personal responsibility. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2012 May-Jun;27(3):210-5. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0b013e31822178a9.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 21829135 (View on PubMed)

Conder RL, Conder AA. Heart rate variability interventions for concussion and rehabilitation. Front Psychol. 2014 Aug 13;5:890. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00890. eCollection 2014.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 25165461 (View on PubMed)

Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Circulation. 1996 Mar 1;93(5):1043-65. No abstract available.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 8598068 (View on PubMed)

Fisk GD, Schneider JJ, Novack TA. Driving following traumatic brain injury: prevalence, exposure, advice and evaluations. Brain Inj. 1998 Aug;12(8):683-95. doi: 10.1080/026990598122241.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 9724839 (View on PubMed)

Gevensleben H, Holl B, Albrecht B, Schlamp D, Kratz O, Studer P, Rothenberger A, Moll GH, Heinrich H. Neurofeedback training in children with ADHD: 6-month follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010 Sep;19(9):715-24. doi: 10.1007/s00787-010-0109-5. Epub 2010 May 25.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 20499120 (View on PubMed)

Ingebrigtsen T, Waterloo K, Marup-Jensen S, Attner E, Romner B. Quantification of post-concussion symptoms 3 months after minor head injury in 100 consecutive patients. J Neurol. 1998 Sep;245(9):609-12. doi: 10.1007/s004150050254.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 9758300 (View on PubMed)

Lagos, L., Bottiglieri, T., Vaschillo, B., & Vaschillo, E. (2012). Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback for Postconcussion Syndrome: Implications for Treatment. Biofeedback, 40(4), 150-153. doi:10.5298/1081-5937-40.4.05

Reference Type BACKGROUND

Lagos, L., Thompson, J., & Vaschillo, E. (2013). A Preliminary Study: Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback for Treatment of Postconcussion Syndrome. Biofeedback, 41(3), 136-143. doi:10.5298/1081-5937-41.3.02

Reference Type BACKGROUND

Lehrer PM, Gevirtz R. Heart rate variability biofeedback: how and why does it work? Front Psychol. 2014 Jul 21;5:756. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00756. eCollection 2014.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 25101026 (View on PubMed)

Milleville-Pennel I, Pothier J, Hoc JM, Mathe JF. Consequences of cognitive impairments following traumatic brain injury: Pilot study on visual exploration while driving. Brain Inj. 2010;24(4):678-91. doi: 10.3109/02699051003692159.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 20235770 (View on PubMed)

Munivenkatappa A, Rajeswaran J, Indira Devi B, Bennet N, Upadhyay N. EEG Neurofeedback therapy: Can it attenuate brain changes in TBI? NeuroRehabilitation. 2014;35(3):481-4. doi: 10.3233/NRE-141140.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 25238859 (View on PubMed)

Preece MH, Horswill MS, Geffen GM. Driving after concussion: the acute effect of mild traumatic brain injury on drivers' hazard perception. Neuropsychology. 2010 Jul;24(4):493-503. doi: 10.1037/a0018903.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 20604623 (View on PubMed)

Thompson, M., Thompson, L., Reid-Chung, A., & Thompson, J. (2013). Managing Traumatic Brain Injury: Appropriate Assessment and a Rationale for Using Neurofeedback and Biofeedback to Enhance Recovery in Postconcussion Syndrome. Biofeedback, 41(4), 158-173. doi:10.5298/1081-5937-41.4.07

Reference Type BACKGROUND

Provided Documents

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Document Type: Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan

View Document

Other Identifiers

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Western University REB 109760

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id

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