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NCT01295749

Effects of Laryngeal Tube Ventilation on no Flow Time During Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Last Updated: 2012-07-03

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Clinical Phase

PHASE3

Total Enrollment

84 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2011-03-31

Study Completion Date

2012-06-30

Brief Summary

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International recommendations stress on the importance of no flow time reduction in cardiac arrest management. In fact, no flow time is an independent factor of morbidity and mortality.

In France, cardiac arrests are treated by first responders (including emergency nurses) before the arrival of a mobile intensive care unit. Those first responders use bag-valve-mask for ventilation and therefore practice conventional CPR (30 chest compression / 2 ventilation rhythm). Laryngeal tube is a safe and efficient device in cardiac arrest ventilation. The purpose of our study is to compare the no flow time between two strategies of out of hospital cardiac arrest management by first responders: conventional CPR with bag-valve-mask ventilation vs. compression only CPR with Laryngeal Tube ventilation.

Detailed Description

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Multicentric, prospective, controlled, randomized study with parallel groups in single blind.

Patients will be included in chronological periods to avoid selection biais (one month with the first medical device the next month with the other one). The determination of these periods will be centralized. The emergency vehicles will be supplied sufficiently with devices. This design has been chosen in order to answer to the emergency problem.

Patients will be included and ventilated by paramedical staff (first responders) before medical staff (Mobile Intensive Care Unit) intervention. Complete detailed information will be given to the patient or to the family and consent asked.

The comparison of no flow time between the two strategies in out of hospital cardiac arrest will be the following :

A : ventilation by bag valve mask and interrupted chest compression B : ventilation by laryngeal tube and continuous chest compression

Conditions

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Cardiac Arrest

Keywords

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cardiac arrest No Flow Emergency Nurse laryngeal Tube

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

PARALLEL

Primary Study Purpose

HEALTH_SERVICES_RESEARCH

Blinding Strategy

SINGLE

Participants

Study Groups

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ventilation by laryngeal tube

ventilation by laryngeal tube and continuous chest compression

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

laryngeal tube ventilation and continuous chest compression

Intervention Type DEVICE

Comparison of no flow time between two strategies in out of hospital cardiac arrest

ventilation by bag valve mask

ventilation by bag valve mask and interrupted chest compression

Group Type SHAM_COMPARATOR

laryngeal tube ventilation and continuous chest compression

Intervention Type DEVICE

Comparison of no flow time between two strategies in out of hospital cardiac arrest

Interventions

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laryngeal tube ventilation and continuous chest compression

Comparison of no flow time between two strategies in out of hospital cardiac arrest

Intervention Type DEVICE

laryngeal tube ventilation and continuous chest compression

Comparison of no flow time between two strategies in out of hospital cardiac arrest

Intervention Type DEVICE

Other Intervention Names

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Laryngeal Tube LTD, VBM Laryngeal Tube LTD, VBM

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* preliminary treatment of cardiac arrest by fire fighters (Basic Life support)
* more than 18 years
* patient affiliated to the social security system or equivalent

Exclusion Criteria

* certain death
* patient deprived of freedom by judicial or administrative decision
* patient under legal protection
* Pregnancy, parturient or breast feeding
* facial trauma

Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Responsible Party

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Responsibility Role SPONSOR

Principal Investigators

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Vincent Danel, MD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

University Hospital, Grenoble

Locations

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SDIS

Fontaine, Isere, France

Site Status

Samu Smur

Grenoble, Isere, France

Site Status

Countries

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France

References

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Nolan JP, Deakin CD, Soar J, Bottiger BW, Smith G; European Resuscitation Council. European Resuscitation Council guidelines for resuscitation 2005. Section 4. Adult advanced life support. Resuscitation. 2005 Dec;67 Suppl 1:S39-86. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2005.10.009. No abstract available.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 16321716 (View on PubMed)

Eftestol T, Sunde K, Steen PA. Effects of interrupting precordial compressions on the calculated probability of defibrillation success during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2002 May 14;105(19):2270-3. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000016362.42586.fe.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 12010909 (View on PubMed)

Eftestol T, Wik L, Sunde K, Steen PA. Effects of cardiopulmonary resuscitation on predictors of ventricular fibrillation defibrillation success during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2004 Jul 6;110(1):10-5. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000133323.15565.75. Epub 2004 Jun 21.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 15210599 (View on PubMed)

Adrie C, Cariou A, Mourvillier B, Laurent I, Dabbane H, Hantala F, Rhaoui A, Thuong M, Monchi M. Predicting survival with good neurological recovery at hospital admission after successful resuscitation of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: the OHCA score. Eur Heart J. 2006 Dec;27(23):2840-5. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehl335. Epub 2006 Nov 2.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 17082207 (View on PubMed)

Edelson DP, Abella BS, Kramer-Johansen J, Wik L, Myklebust H, Barry AM, Merchant RM, Hoek TL, Steen PA, Becker LB. Effects of compression depth and pre-shock pauses predict defibrillation failure during cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2006 Nov;71(2):137-45. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.04.008. Epub 2006 Sep 18.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 16982127 (View on PubMed)

Abella BS, Sandbo N, Vassilatos P, Alvarado JP, O'Hearn N, Wigder HN, Hoffman P, Tynus K, Vanden Hoek TL, Becker LB. Chest compression rates during cardiopulmonary resuscitation are suboptimal: a prospective study during in-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2005 Feb 1;111(4):428-34. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000153811.84257.59.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 15687130 (View on PubMed)

Wiese CH, Bahr J, Bergmann A, Bergmann I, Bartels U, Graf BM. [Reduction in no flow time using a laryngeal tube: comparison to bag-mask ventilation]. Anaesthesist. 2008 Jun;57(6):589-96. doi: 10.1007/s00101-008-1358-2. German.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 18338138 (View on PubMed)

Odegaard S, Pillgram M, Berg NE, Olasveengen T, Kramer-Johansen J. Time used for ventilation in two-rescuer CPR with a bag-valve-mask device during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2008 Apr;77(1):57-62. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2007.11.005.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 18164533 (View on PubMed)

Wik L, Kramer-Johansen J, Myklebust H, Sorebo H, Svensson L, Fellows B, Steen PA. Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA. 2005 Jan 19;293(3):299-304. doi: 10.1001/jama.293.3.299.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 15657322 (View on PubMed)

Abella BS, Alvarado JP, Myklebust H, Edelson DP, Barry A, O'Hearn N, Vanden Hoek TL, Becker LB. Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during in-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA. 2005 Jan 19;293(3):305-10. doi: 10.1001/jama.293.3.305.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 15657323 (View on PubMed)

Valenzuela TD, Kern KB, Clark LL, Berg RA, Berg MD, Berg DD, Hilwig RW, Otto CW, Newburn D, Ewy GA. Interruptions of chest compressions during emergency medical systems resuscitation. Circulation. 2005 Aug 30;112(9):1259-65. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.537282. Epub 2005 Aug 22.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 16116053 (View on PubMed)

Kern KB, Hilwig RW, Berg RA, Ewy GA. Efficacy of chest compression-only BLS CPR in the presence of an occluded airway. Resuscitation. 1998 Dec;39(3):179-88. doi: 10.1016/s0300-9572(98)00141-5.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 10078808 (View on PubMed)

Berg RA, Sanders AB, Kern KB, Hilwig RW, Heidenreich JW, Porter ME, Ewy GA. Adverse hemodynamic effects of interrupting chest compressions for rescue breathing during cardiopulmonary resuscitation for ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2001 Nov 13;104(20):2465-70. doi: 10.1161/hc4501.098926.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 11705826 (View on PubMed)

Yu T, Weil MH, Tang W, Sun S, Klouche K, Povoas H, Bisera J. Adverse outcomes of interrupted precordial compression during automated defibrillation. Circulation. 2002 Jul 16;106(3):368-72. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000021429.22005.2e.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 12119255 (View on PubMed)

Bowman FP, Menegazzi JJ, Check BD, Duckett TM. Lower esophageal sphincter pressure during prolonged cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Ann Emerg Med. 1995 Aug;26(2):216-9. doi: 10.1016/s0196-0644(95)70154-0.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 7618786 (View on PubMed)

Gabrielli A, Wenzel V, Layon AJ, von Goedecke A, Verne NG, Idris AH. Lower esophageal sphincter pressure measurement during cardiac arrest in humans: potential implications for ventilation of the unprotected airway. Anesthesiology. 2005 Oct;103(4):897-9. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200510000-00031. No abstract available.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 16192785 (View on PubMed)

Wenzel V, Idris AH, Banner MJ, Kubilis PS, Williams JL Jr. Influence of tidal volume on the distribution of gas between the lungs and stomach in the nonintubated patient receiving positive-pressure ventilation. Crit Care Med. 1998 Feb;26(2):364-8. doi: 10.1097/00003246-199802000-00042.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 9468177 (View on PubMed)

Wenzel V, Idris AH, Banner MJ, Kubilis PS, Band R, Williams JL Jr, Lindner KH. Respiratory system compliance decreases after cardiopulmonary resuscitation and stomach inflation: impact of large and small tidal volumes on calculated peak airway pressure. Resuscitation. 1998 Aug;38(2):113-8. doi: 10.1016/s0300-9572(98)00095-1.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 9863573 (View on PubMed)

Lawes EG, Baskett PJ. Pulmonary aspiration during unsuccessful cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Intensive Care Med. 1987;13(6):379-82. doi: 10.1007/BF00257678.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 3668071 (View on PubMed)

Sayre MR, Sakles JC, Mistler AF, Evans JL, Kramer AT, Pancioli AM. Field trial of endotracheal intubation by basic EMTs. Ann Emerg Med. 1998 Feb;31(2):228-33.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 9472186 (View on PubMed)

Bradley JS, Billows GL, Olinger ML, Boha SP, Cordell WH, Nelson DR. Prehospital oral endotracheal intubation by rural basic emergency medical technicians. Ann Emerg Med. 1998 Jul;32(1):26-32. doi: 10.1016/s0196-0644(98)70095-2.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 9656945 (View on PubMed)

Katz SH, Falk JL. Misplaced endotracheal tubes by paramedics in an urban emergency medical services system. Ann Emerg Med. 2001 Jan;37(1):32-7. doi: 10.1067/mem.2001.112098.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 11145768 (View on PubMed)

Dorges V, Wenzel V, Schumann T, Neubert E, Ocker H, Gerlach K. Intubating laryngeal mask airway, laryngeal tube, 1100 ml self-inflating bag-alternatives for basic life support? Resuscitation. 2001 Nov;51(2):185-91. doi: 10.1016/s0300-9572(01)00423-3.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 11718975 (View on PubMed)

Ocker H, Wenzel V, Schmucker P, Steinfath M, Dorges V. A comparison of the laryngeal tube with the laryngeal mask airway during routine surgical procedures. Anesth Analg. 2002 Oct;95(4):1094-7, table of contents. doi: 10.1097/00000539-200210000-00057.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 12351302 (View on PubMed)

Bein B, Carstensen S, Gleim M, Claus L, Tonner PH, Steinfath M, Scholz J, Dorges V. A comparison of the proseal laryngeal mask airway, the laryngeal tube S and the oesophageal-tracheal combitube during routine surgical procedures. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2005 May;22(5):341-6. doi: 10.1017/s026502150500058x.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 15918381 (View on PubMed)

Genzwuerker HV, Finteis T, Slabschi D, Groeschel J, Ellinger K. Assessment of the use of the laryngeal tube for cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a manikin. Resuscitation. 2001 Dec;51(3):291-6. doi: 10.1016/s0300-9572(01)00410-5.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 11738781 (View on PubMed)

Figueredo E, Martinez M, Pintanel T. A comparison of the ProSeal laryngeal mask and the laryngeal tube in spontaneously breathing anesthetized patients. Anesth Analg. 2003 Feb;96(2):600-5, table of contents. doi: 10.1097/00000539-200302000-00054.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 12538219 (View on PubMed)

Mihai R, Knottenbelt G, Cook TM. Evaluation of the revised laryngeal tube suction: the laryngeal tube suction II in 100 patients. Br J Anaesth. 2007 Nov;99(5):734-9. doi: 10.1093/bja/aem260. Epub 2007 Sep 14.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 17872934 (View on PubMed)

Genzwuerker HV, Dhonau S, Ellinger K. Use of the laryngeal tube for out-of-hospital resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2002 Feb;52(2):221-4. doi: 10.1016/s0300-9572(01)00472-5.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 11841891 (View on PubMed)

Kette F, Reffo I, Giordani G, Buzzi F, Borean V, Cimarosti R, Codiglia A, Hattinger C, Mongiat A, Tararan S. The use of laryngeal tube by nurses in out-of-hospital emergencies: preliminary experience. Resuscitation. 2005 Jul;66(1):21-5. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2004.12.023.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 15993725 (View on PubMed)

Dorges V, Ocker H, Wenzel V, Sauer C, Schmucker P. Emergency airway management by non-anaesthesia house officers--a comparison of three strategies. Emerg Med J. 2001 Mar;18(2):90-4. doi: 10.1136/emj.18.2.90.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 11300206 (View on PubMed)

Dorges V, Wenzel V, Neubert E, Schmucker P. Emergency airway management by intensive care unit nurses with the intubating laryngeal mask airway and the laryngeal tube. Crit Care. 2000;4(6):369-76. doi: 10.1186/cc720. Epub 2000 Oct 13.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 11123878 (View on PubMed)

Asai T, Hidaka I, Kawachi S. Efficacy of the laryngeal tube by inexperienced personnel. Resuscitation. 2002 Nov;55(2):171-5. doi: 10.1016/s0300-9572(02)00170-3.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 12413755 (View on PubMed)

Asai T, Kawachi S. Use of the laryngeal tube by paramedic staff. Anaesthesia. 2004 Apr;59(4):408-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2004.03721.x. No abstract available.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 15023121 (View on PubMed)

Kurola J, Harve H, Kettunen T, Laakso JP, Gorski J, Paakkonen H, Silfvast T. Airway management in cardiac arrest--comparison of the laryngeal tube, tracheal intubation and bag-valve mask ventilation in emergency medical training. Resuscitation. 2004 May;61(2):149-53. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2004.01.014.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 15135191 (View on PubMed)

Kurola JO, Turunen MJ, Laakso JP, Gorski JT, Paakkonen HJ, Silfvast TO. A comparison of the laryngeal tube and bag-valve mask ventilation by emergency medical technicians: a feasibility study in anesthetized patients. Anesth Analg. 2005 Nov;101(5):1477-1481. doi: 10.1213/01.ANE.0000182330.54814.70.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 16244014 (View on PubMed)

Wiese CH, Bartels U, Schultens A, Steffen T, Torney A, Bahr J, Graf BM. Influence of airway management strategy on "no-flow-time" during an "advanced life support course" for intensive care nurses - a single rescuer resuscitation manikin study. BMC Emerg Med. 2008 Apr 10;8:4. doi: 10.1186/1471-227X-8-4.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 18402652 (View on PubMed)

Gueugniaud PY, David JS, Chanzy E, Hubert H, Dubien PY, Mauriaucourt P, Braganca C, Billeres X, Clotteau-Lambert MP, Fuster P, Thiercelin D, Debaty G, Ricard-Hibon A, Roux P, Espesson C, Querellou E, Ducros L, Ecollan P, Halbout L, Savary D, Guillaumee F, Maupoint R, Capelle P, Bracq C, Dreyfus P, Nouguier P, Gache A, Meurisse C, Boulanger B, Lae C, Metzger J, Raphael V, Beruben A, Wenzel V, Guinhouya C, Vilhelm C, Marret E. Vasopressin and epinephrine vs. epinephrine alone in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jul 3;359(1):21-30. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0706873.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 18596271 (View on PubMed)

Gueugniaud PY, Mols P, Goldstein P, Pham E, Dubien PY, Deweerdt C, Vergnion M, Petit P, Carli P. A comparison of repeated high doses and repeated standard doses of epinephrine for cardiac arrest outside the hospital. European Epinephrine Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1998 Nov 26;339(22):1595-601. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199811263392204.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 9828247 (View on PubMed)

Asai T, Moriyama S, Nishita Y, Kawachi S. Use of the laryngeal tube during cardiopulmonary resuscitation by paramedical staff. Anaesthesia. 2003 Apr;58(4):393-4. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2044.2003.03095_15.x. No abstract available.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 12648133 (View on PubMed)

Asai T, Shingu K. The laryngeal tube. Br J Anaesth. 2005 Dec;95(6):729-36. doi: 10.1093/bja/aei269.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 16286348 (View on PubMed)

Cummins RO, Chamberlain DA, Abramson NS, Allen M, Baskett P, Becker L, Bossaert L, Delooz H, Dick W, Eisenberg M, et al. Recommended guidelines for uniform reporting of data from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: the Utstein Style. Task Force of the American Heart Association, the European Resuscitation Council, the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, and the Australian Resuscitation Council. Ann Emerg Med. 1991 Aug;20(8):861-74. No abstract available.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 1854070 (View on PubMed)

Lemaire F, Bion J, Blanco J, Damas P, Druml C, Falke K, Kesecioglu J, Larsson A, Mancebo J, Matamis D, Pesenti A, Pimentel J, Ranieri M; ESICM Task Force on Legislation Affecting Clinical Research in the Critically Ill Patient. The European Union Directive on Clinical Research: present status of implementation in EU member states' legislations with regard to the incompetent patient. Intensive Care Med. 2005 Mar;31(3):476-9. doi: 10.1007/s00134-005-2574-8. Epub 2005 Feb 15. No abstract available.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 15711974 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

Review additional registry numbers or institutional identifiers associated with this trial.

DCIC - 1014

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id

Effects of Laryngeal Tube Ventilation on no Flow Time During Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Study Results

Basic Information

Brief Summary

Detailed Description

Conditions

Keywords

Study Design

Study Groups

ventilation by laryngeal tube

laryngeal tube ventilation and continuous chest compression

ventilation by bag valve mask

laryngeal tube ventilation and continuous chest compression

Interventions

laryngeal tube ventilation and continuous chest compression

laryngeal tube ventilation and continuous chest compression

Other Intervention Names

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

Exclusion Criteria

Sponsors

University Hospital, Grenoble

Responsible Party

Principal Investigators

Vincent Danel, MD

Locations

SDIS

Samu Smur

Countries

References

Nolan JP, Deakin CD, Soar J, Bottiger BW, Smith G; European Resuscitation Council. European Resuscitation Council guidelines for resuscitation 2005. Section 4. Adult advanced life support. Resuscitation. 2005 Dec;67 Suppl 1:S39-86. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2005.10.009. No abstract available.

Eftestol T, Sunde K, Steen PA. Effects of interrupting precordial compressions on the calculated probability of defibrillation success during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2002 May 14;105(19):2270-3. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000016362.42586.fe.

Eftestol T, Wik L, Sunde K, Steen PA. Effects of cardiopulmonary resuscitation on predictors of ventricular fibrillation defibrillation success during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2004 Jul 6;110(1):10-5. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000133323.15565.75. Epub 2004 Jun 21.

Wiese CH, Bahr J, Bergmann A, Bergmann I, Bartels U, Graf BM. [Reduction in no flow time using a laryngeal tube: comparison to bag-mask ventilation]. Anaesthesist. 2008 Jun;57(6):589-96. doi: 10.1007/s00101-008-1358-2. German.

Odegaard S, Pillgram M, Berg NE, Olasveengen T, Kramer-Johansen J. Time used for ventilation in two-rescuer CPR with a bag-valve-mask device during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2008 Apr;77(1):57-62. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2007.11.005.

Wik L, Kramer-Johansen J, Myklebust H, Sorebo H, Svensson L, Fellows B, Steen PA. Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA. 2005 Jan 19;293(3):299-304. doi: 10.1001/jama.293.3.299.

Abella BS, Alvarado JP, Myklebust H, Edelson DP, Barry A, O'Hearn N, Vanden Hoek TL, Becker LB. Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during in-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA. 2005 Jan 19;293(3):305-10. doi: 10.1001/jama.293.3.305.

Valenzuela TD, Kern KB, Clark LL, Berg RA, Berg MD, Berg DD, Hilwig RW, Otto CW, Newburn D, Ewy GA. Interruptions of chest compressions during emergency medical systems resuscitation. Circulation. 2005 Aug 30;112(9):1259-65. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.537282. Epub 2005 Aug 22.

Kern KB, Hilwig RW, Berg RA, Ewy GA. Efficacy of chest compression-only BLS CPR in the presence of an occluded airway. Resuscitation. 1998 Dec;39(3):179-88. doi: 10.1016/s0300-9572(98)00141-5.

Yu T, Weil MH, Tang W, Sun S, Klouche K, Povoas H, Bisera J. Adverse outcomes of interrupted precordial compression during automated defibrillation. Circulation. 2002 Jul 16;106(3):368-72. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000021429.22005.2e.

Bowman FP, Menegazzi JJ, Check BD, Duckett TM. Lower esophageal sphincter pressure during prolonged cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Ann Emerg Med. 1995 Aug;26(2):216-9. doi: 10.1016/s0196-0644(95)70154-0.

Wenzel V, Idris AH, Banner MJ, Kubilis PS, Williams JL Jr. Influence of tidal volume on the distribution of gas between the lungs and stomach in the nonintubated patient receiving positive-pressure ventilation. Crit Care Med. 1998 Feb;26(2):364-8. doi: 10.1097/00003246-199802000-00042.

Lawes EG, Baskett PJ. Pulmonary aspiration during unsuccessful cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Intensive Care Med. 1987;13(6):379-82. doi: 10.1007/BF00257678.

Sayre MR, Sakles JC, Mistler AF, Evans JL, Kramer AT, Pancioli AM. Field trial of endotracheal intubation by basic EMTs. Ann Emerg Med. 1998 Feb;31(2):228-33.

Bradley JS, Billows GL, Olinger ML, Boha SP, Cordell WH, Nelson DR. Prehospital oral endotracheal intubation by rural basic emergency medical technicians. Ann Emerg Med. 1998 Jul;32(1):26-32. doi: 10.1016/s0196-0644(98)70095-2.

Katz SH, Falk JL. Misplaced endotracheal tubes by paramedics in an urban emergency medical services system. Ann Emerg Med. 2001 Jan;37(1):32-7. doi: 10.1067/mem.2001.112098.

Dorges V, Wenzel V, Schumann T, Neubert E, Ocker H, Gerlach K. Intubating laryngeal mask airway, laryngeal tube, 1100 ml self-inflating bag-alternatives for basic life support? Resuscitation. 2001 Nov;51(2):185-91. doi: 10.1016/s0300-9572(01)00423-3.

Ocker H, Wenzel V, Schmucker P, Steinfath M, Dorges V. A comparison of the laryngeal tube with the laryngeal mask airway during routine surgical procedures. Anesth Analg. 2002 Oct;95(4):1094-7, table of contents. doi: 10.1097/00000539-200210000-00057.

Genzwuerker HV, Finteis T, Slabschi D, Groeschel J, Ellinger K. Assessment of the use of the laryngeal tube for cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a manikin. Resuscitation. 2001 Dec;51(3):291-6. doi: 10.1016/s0300-9572(01)00410-5.

Figueredo E, Martinez M, Pintanel T. A comparison of the ProSeal laryngeal mask and the laryngeal tube in spontaneously breathing anesthetized patients. Anesth Analg. 2003 Feb;96(2):600-5, table of contents. doi: 10.1097/00000539-200302000-00054.

Mihai R, Knottenbelt G, Cook TM. Evaluation of the revised laryngeal tube suction: the laryngeal tube suction II in 100 patients. Br J Anaesth. 2007 Nov;99(5):734-9. doi: 10.1093/bja/aem260. Epub 2007 Sep 14.

Genzwuerker HV, Dhonau S, Ellinger K. Use of the laryngeal tube for out-of-hospital resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2002 Feb;52(2):221-4. doi: 10.1016/s0300-9572(01)00472-5.

Kette F, Reffo I, Giordani G, Buzzi F, Borean V, Cimarosti R, Codiglia A, Hattinger C, Mongiat A, Tararan S. The use of laryngeal tube by nurses in out-of-hospital emergencies: preliminary experience. Resuscitation. 2005 Jul;66(1):21-5. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2004.12.023.

Dorges V, Ocker H, Wenzel V, Sauer C, Schmucker P. Emergency airway management by non-anaesthesia house officers--a comparison of three strategies. Emerg Med J. 2001 Mar;18(2):90-4. doi: 10.1136/emj.18.2.90.

Dorges V, Wenzel V, Neubert E, Schmucker P. Emergency airway management by intensive care unit nurses with the intubating laryngeal mask airway and the laryngeal tube. Crit Care. 2000;4(6):369-76. doi: 10.1186/cc720. Epub 2000 Oct 13.

Asai T, Hidaka I, Kawachi S. Efficacy of the laryngeal tube by inexperienced personnel. Resuscitation. 2002 Nov;55(2):171-5. doi: 10.1016/s0300-9572(02)00170-3.

Asai T, Kawachi S. Use of the laryngeal tube by paramedic staff. Anaesthesia. 2004 Apr;59(4):408-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2004.03721.x. No abstract available.

Kurola JO, Turunen MJ, Laakso JP, Gorski JT, Paakkonen HJ, Silfvast TO. A comparison of the laryngeal tube and bag-valve mask ventilation by emergency medical technicians: a feasibility study in anesthetized patients. Anesth Analg. 2005 Nov;101(5):1477-1481. doi: 10.1213/01.ANE.0000182330.54814.70.

Asai T, Moriyama S, Nishita Y, Kawachi S. Use of the laryngeal tube during cardiopulmonary resuscitation by paramedical staff. Anaesthesia. 2003 Apr;58(4):393-4. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2044.2003.03095_15.x. No abstract available.

Asai T, Shingu K. The laryngeal tube. Br J Anaesth. 2005 Dec;95(6):729-36. doi: 10.1093/bja/aei269.

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Other Identifiers

DCIC - 1014