BFR Rope Training in Male Volleyball Players

NCT ID: NCT07327177

Last Updated: 2026-01-08

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: NOT_YET_RECRUITING
• Clinical Phase: NA
• Total Enrollment: 26 participants
• Study Classification: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2025-12-11
• Study Completion Date: 2026-03-05

Brief Summary

The study will be conducted during the preparatory period of the volleyball players and will span eight weeks. Throughout this period, athletes will continue their regular volleyball training four days per week, while the experimental group (n = 10) will perform rope training with blood flow restriction (BFR) twice per week, and the control group (n = 10) will perform the same rope training without BFR. Assessments will be carried out at the beginning of the 8-week period (pre-test) and at the end of the intervention (post-test). For both groups, all exercises will target the upper-extremity muscle groups. During the study, participants will be instructed to avoid consuming any medications, engaging in additional strenuous physical activities, and using any techniques or ergogenic aids that might influence the results. In both testing sessions, a standardized warm-up protocol will be implemented, consisting of a 5-minute treadmill run at 9 km/h on a Sprint Runner device (Hoggan Health Industries, Draper, UT), followed by 3 minutes of light full-body stretching. This warm-up procedure will be applied consistently across both groups to ensure standardization.

Detailed Description

This study aims to investigate the effects of blood flow restriction (BFR) rope training on athletic performance, muscle strength, and muscle hypertrophy in male volleyball players through an eight-week intervention. Conducted during the athletes' preparatory period, the study requires participants to perform rope-training sessions four days per week in addition to their regular volleyball training. On the first day, all athletes will undergo anthropometric measurements, and a familiarization session will be conducted to minimize potential learning effects. Participants will then be randomly assigned to either a BFR rope-training experimental group (BFR) or a control group (CON) performing standard rope training. Both groups will follow a progressive training protocol consisting of three sets and five exercises, while the BFR group will train under a cuff pressure set at 60% of limb occlusion pressure (LOP). Throughout the training sessions, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), perceived discomfort (PD), OMNI-RES exercise difficulty, and PACES exercise enjoyment scores will be recorded. Pre- and post-intervention assessments will include ultrasound measurements of muscle thickness and cross-sectional area, one-repetition maximum (1RM) tests for biceps and triceps, upper-body strength tests (push-ups, sit-ups, and squats), shoulder strength using a Lafayette device, handgrip strength, aerobic endurance via the Yo-Yo IR1 test, anaerobic performance via the Wingate test, and volleyball serve speed measurements. All exercises will target upper-extremity muscle groups, and participants will be instructed to refrain from using any medications, ergogenic aids, or additional strenuous exercise that could influence outcomes. During both pre- and post-testing sessions, all athletes will complete a standardized warm-up protocol consisting of a 5-minute treadmill run at 9 km/h followed by 3 minutes of light full-body stretching. This comprehensive design aims to provide valuable insights into how BFR-based rope training influences performance adaptations in volleyball athletes.

Conditions

Volleyball; Performance; Power

Study Design

• Allocation Method: RANDOMIZED
• Intervention Model: PARALLEL
• Primary Study Purpose: TREATMENT
• Blinding Strategy: SINGLE

Study Groups

Blood Pressure

Determination of Blood Pressure

Group Type: OTHER

Blood Pressure

Intervention Type: OTHER

A digital Omron device (model M2; Ankara, Turkey) will be used to measure participants' resting blood pressure. Prior to exercise, systolic, diastolic, and heart rate values will be recorded, and individuals outside the 140/90 mmHg range will be excluded. Participants will remain seated for 10 minutes, after which three measurements will be taken from the dominant arm with at least 1 minute between readings. Resting blood pressure will be calculated as the average of these three values, following American Heart Association guidelines (Pickering et al., 2005).

Muscle Strength

Determination of Muscle Strength

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Muscle Strength

Intervention Type: OTHER

Dominant and non-dominant shoulder internal and external rotation strength will be assessed using a Lafayette digital handheld dynamometer. This portable device provides peak force, time to peak force, total test duration, and average force in kilograms, Newtons, and pounds. Participants will receive verbal instructions and complete a familiarization trial before testing. The "make test" technique will be used, in which the examiner stabilizes the device while the participant applies maximal isometric force. All measurements will be taken twice by the same trainer. Prior to testing, a 10-minute warm-up including upper-extremity and shoulder rotation movements will be performed. Participants will then lie supine on a flat surface, and dominant and non-dominant internal and external rotation strength will be measured and recorded (Kesilmiş \& Manolya, 2020).

Serve Speed

Determination of Serve Speed

Group Type: OTHER

Serve Speed

Intervention Type: OTHER

The serve speed test will be conducted in the Hasan Doğan Sports Sciences Gymnasium at Karabük University using official balls (FIVB Beach Championship VLS300 MIKASA). Athletes will begin with a 15-minute warm-up consisting of joint mobility exercises (e.g., knee flexion/extension, shoulder rotation, ankle dorsiflexion), followed by technical movements such as ball-free jumping and running to enhance coordination. Each player will then perform ten practice serves. A total of 196 power-kick serves (28 per participant) will be recorded without opposition. After each isometric exercise, participants will execute four maximal-intensity serves, and ball speed will be determined from these attempts. Athletes will be encouraged to strike the ball with maximum force. A radar device will be positioned 8 m behind the service line and 3 m above the ground to capture serve velocity at a height consistent with ball-hand contact (Buscà et al., 2012). Serve speed will be measured using a standard ra

Blood Flow Restriction (BFR)

Blood Flow Restriction Protocol

Group Type: OTHER

Blood Flow Restriction

Intervention Type: OTHER

The arterial occlusion pressures (AOP) of the athletes randomized to the experimental group will be automatically determined using a digital LED-display BFR device (Fit Cuffs BFR, Denmark). Optimal cuff width, occlusion pressure, and exercise procedures have been previously described in the literature (Loenneke et al., 2015; Scott et al., 2015). A 4-inch-wide tourniquet will be applied to the upper arm of the participant's dominant limb. During the exercise, the AOP will be maintained at 60% using the Fit Cuffs BFR Unit (Denmark), and consistent pressure will be applied to the limb throughout the full range of motion. All participants will use the same cuff model, and 60% AOP will be administered with an FDA/CE-approved automatic Smart Cuffs Pro device (Elite, USA), applied to the proximal region of the arm.

Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE)

Determination of Perceived Exertion

Group Type: OTHER

Rating of Perceived Exertion

Intervention Type: OTHER

After each training session, RPE will be collected using the 6-20 Borg Scale at the end of the session, where 6 indicates "no exertion" and 20 indicates "maximal exertion" (Foster et al., 2021).

Battle Rope Training

Battle Rope Training Protocol

Group Type: OTHER

Battle Rope Training

Intervention Type: OTHER

Based on prior literature recommending battle ropes measuring 12-15 m in length, 3-5 cm in diameter, and 9-16 kg in weight (Pustina et al., 2017; Tessitore et al., 2006; Ziy et al., 2009), this study will use a 12-m, 3.8-cm diameter, 12-kg rope. Participants will perform wave-style rope exercises in a standing position with feet shoulder-width apart and the trunk flexed forward at approximately 30-45°. The rope will be anchored at its midpoint to a stable object, and participants will grip the ends (5 m ± 5 cm each) and execute bilateral oscillations. The protocol will include three sets of five exercises, with progressive durations across the 8-week period: 15 seconds in Weeks 1-2, 20 seconds in Weeks 3-5, and 25 seconds in Weeks 6-8. Rest intervals between sets will remain consistent at 45 seconds throughout the training program.

Arm Circumference

Arm Circumference Measurement

Group Type: OTHER

Arm Circumference

Intervention Type: OTHER

Before the training session and without performing any physical activity, arm circumference will be measured using a 300-cm non-elastic measuring tape. Measurements will be taken at a 90° elbow angle from the midpoint of the upper arm, over the biceps muscle (Otman, 2003).

Skeletal Muscle Endurance

Skeletal Muscle Endurance Tests (Sit-Up, Push-Up, and Pull-Up)

Group Type: OTHER

Skeletal Muscle Endurance

Intervention Type: OTHER

Upper-body and trunk muscular endurance will be assessed using standardized ACSM protocols. Upper-body endurance will be measured with the ACSM push-up test: men will perform standard push-ups, while women will complete kneeling push-ups. The test will stop at volitional fatigue or after two consecutive form errors (chin to mat and full elbow extension). Trunk endurance will be evaluated using the cadence-based YMCA bent-knee sit-up test, performed at one repetition every 2 seconds until volitional fatigue. A valid sit-up requires elbows touching the knees and returning to the starting position in cadence. Upper-body pulling endurance will be tested with a pronated-grip pull-up test. Repetitions must include the chin rising above the bar and full controlled elbow extension. The test ends at volitional fatigue or after repeated form errors. All endurance tests (push-up, sit-up, pull-up) will be performed to volitional fatigue with 2-3 minutes of rest between tests, and the same test

Anaerobic Power

Anaerobic Power Assessment

Group Type: OTHER

Anaerobic Power

Intervention Type: OTHER

The Wingate Anaerobic Power Test (WAnT) is a widely used 30-second cycling test designed to measure short-term, high-intensity power output and anaerobic energy system capacity (Reiser et al., 2002). Conducted on a Monark 894E ergometer, the test uses a resistance load adjusted to each participant's body mass (Jaafar et al., 2014). Before testing, participants will complete a 4-5 minute warm-up at 60-70 W and 60-70 rpm, including 2-3 short sprints, followed by 3-5 minutes of passive rest. Saddle and handlebar settings will be adjusted so the knee reaches full extension at the lowest pedal position, and feet will be secured with clips. Participants will accelerate to maximal speed without resistance; once they reach 150 rpm, the programmed resistance load will automatically engage. They will then pedal maximally for 30 seconds against this resistance while receiving verbal encouragement (Ozkan, 2007).

Bench Press 1RM Test

Bench Press 1RM Test Measurement

Group Type: OTHER

Bench Press 1RM Test

Intervention Type: OTHER

Participants will begin with a 5-minute treadmill warm-up at 9 km/h followed by three minutes of light stretching (do Carmo et al., 2021). A specific warm-up will then be performed: 5 reps at 50% of estimated 1RM, followed by 1-2 sets of 2-3 reps at 60-80%. After warm-up, participants will perform single-rep attempts with gradually increasing loads to determine their 1RM, resting 3-5 minutes between trials. Up to five attempts will be used to identify the true 1RM (Schoenfeld et al., 2016).

Triceps Push-Down 1RM Test

Triceps Push-Down 1RM Test Measurement

Group Type: OTHER

Triceps Push-Down 1RM Test

Intervention Type: OTHER

Participants will stand in front of the triceps push-down machine, gripping the bar with a shoulder-width pronated grip. Throughout the exercise, the arms will be kept close to the torso, with the trunk slightly leaned forward, ensuring that the hands do not touch the body during full elbow extension. Participants will push the bar downward until reaching full elbow extension, then return to the starting position in a controlled manner; this will count as one repetition. The maximum load that each participant can successfully lift for one full repetition will be recorded as their 1RM (Hussain et al., 2020).

Hand Grip Strength Test

Hand Grip Strength Test Measurement

Group Type: OTHER

Hand Grip Strength Test

Intervention Type: OTHER

A calibrated hand grip dynamometer (Takei 5101, Tokyo, Japan) will be used to evaluate maximal hand grip strength. Participants will be instructed to grasp the dynamometer with their hand while exerting maximal isometric force, maintaining extended elbows and a neutral wrist position at the lateral side of the body. The testing protocol will include two trials with a 60-second rest interval between them. The highest value obtained will be recorded as the maximal force output. Throughout the test, participants will be strongly encouraged to exert maximal effort (Lopes-Silva et al., 2022).

Yo-Yo IR1 Test

Yo-Yo IR1 Test Measurement

Group Type: OTHER

Yo-Yo IR1 Test

Intervention Type: OTHER

The Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) test will be used to assess intermittent endurance capacity (Krustrup et al., 2003). Participants will complete 20 m shuttle runs at progressively increasing speeds, with 10 seconds of active recovery (light jogging over 2 m × 5 m) between runs. The test will stop when the participant can no longer maintain the required pace or fails to reach the line on time for two consecutive shuttles. Performance will be scored by the total distance (number of completed shuttles). A familiarization trial will be conducted before testing. The Yo-Yo IR1 demonstrates high reliability (ICC = 0.94; CV = 3.6%) (Krustrup et al., 2003).

Ultrasound (US)

Ultrasound (US) Measurements

Group Type: OTHER

Ultrasound (US)

Intervention Type: OTHER

Muscle thickness and cross-sectional area (CSA) will be measured 48-72 hours after the final training session, with no prior physical activity. A blinded physician will conduct all assessments using standardized anatomical points for the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, brachialis, anterior deltoid, upper trapezius, and rectus abdominis. Measurements will be taken in the axial plane with a light, 90° probe contact. A Toshiba Aplio 500 ultrasound device (10 MHz linear probe) will be used. CSA will be calculated by tracing the inner muscle border, and muscle thickness will be measured between superficial and deep aponeuroses. Two radiology specialists will evaluate the results jointly (Kubo et al., 2011).

Perceived Discomfort Level

Determination of Perceived Discomfort Level

Group Type: OTHER

Perceived Discomfort Level

Intervention Type: OTHER

Perceived Discomfort Level (PDL) will be assessed using a scale ranging from 0 ("no discomfort") to 10 ("maximum discomfort") (Borg, 1998). The PDL will be evaluated twice: once for overall body discomfort and once specifically for arm discomfort.

Exercise Enjoyment

Exercise Enjoyment Assessment

Group Type: OTHER

Exercise Enjoyment

Intervention Type: OTHER

Exercise enjoyment will be measured using the shortened 8-item version of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES), originally developed by Kendzierski and DeCarlo (1991) and later adapted by Raedeke (2007). This single-factor scale evaluates the level of enjoyment experienced during exercise. Each item is rated on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 ("do not enjoy at all") to 7 ("enjoy very much"), with 4 representing a neutral midpoint. Higher scores indicate greater enjoyment derived from the physical activity (Soylu et al., 2023).

Perceived Exertion Level (OMNI-RES)

Perceived Exertion Level Assessment

Group Type: OTHER

Perceived Exertion Level (OMNI-RES)

Intervention Type: OTHER

The OMNI-RES resistance exercise scale will be used to assess participants' perceived exertion levels. A rating will be recorded at the end of each set, and the average of all set scores will be calculated and documented at the end of the exercise session. The scale will remain within the participant's visual field throughout the session, and they will be instructed to focus on their sense of effort immediately before each rating. Using standardized definitions and instructions, participants will rate their exertion on a scale ranging from 0 ("extremely easy") to 10 ("extremely hard") (Robertson et al., 2003).

Interventions

Blood Pressure

A digital Omron device (model M2; Ankara, Turkey) will be used to measure participants' resting blood pressure. Prior to exercise, systolic, diastolic, and heart rate values will be recorded, and individuals outside the 140/90 mmHg range will be excluded. Participants will remain seated for 10 minutes, after which three measurements will be taken from the dominant arm with at least 1 minute between readings. Resting blood pressure will be calculated as the average of these three values, following American Heart Association guidelines (Pickering et al., 2005).

Intervention Type: OTHER

Hand Grip Strength Test

A calibrated hand grip dynamometer (Takei 5101, Tokyo, Japan) will be used to evaluate maximal hand grip strength. Participants will be instructed to grasp the dynamometer with their hand while exerting maximal isometric force, maintaining extended elbows and a neutral wrist position at the lateral side of the body. The testing protocol will include two trials with a 60-second rest interval between them. The highest value obtained will be recorded as the maximal force output. Throughout the test, participants will be strongly encouraged to exert maximal effort (Lopes-Silva et al., 2022).

Intervention Type: OTHER

Muscle Strength

Dominant and non-dominant shoulder internal and external rotation strength will be assessed using a Lafayette digital handheld dynamometer. This portable device provides peak force, time to peak force, total test duration, and average force in kilograms, Newtons, and pounds. Participants will receive verbal instructions and complete a familiarization trial before testing. The "make test" technique will be used, in which the examiner stabilizes the device while the participant applies maximal isometric force. All measurements will be taken twice by the same trainer. Prior to testing, a 10-minute warm-up including upper-extremity and shoulder rotation movements will be performed. Participants will then lie supine on a flat surface, and dominant and non-dominant internal and external rotation strength will be measured and recorded (Kesilmiş \& Manolya, 2020).

Intervention Type: OTHER

Serve Speed

The serve speed test will be conducted in the Hasan Doğan Sports Sciences Gymnasium at Karabük University using official balls (FIVB Beach Championship VLS300 MIKASA). Athletes will begin with a 15-minute warm-up consisting of joint mobility exercises (e.g., knee flexion/extension, shoulder rotation, ankle dorsiflexion), followed by technical movements such as ball-free jumping and running to enhance coordination. Each player will then perform ten practice serves. A total of 196 power-kick serves (28 per participant) will be recorded without opposition. After each isometric exercise, participants will execute four maximal-intensity serves, and ball speed will be determined from these attempts. Athletes will be encouraged to strike the ball with maximum force. A radar device will be positioned 8 m behind the service line and 3 m above the ground to capture serve velocity at a height consistent with ball-hand contact (Buscà et al., 2012). Serve speed will be measured using a standard ra

Intervention Type: OTHER

Blood Flow Restriction

The arterial occlusion pressures (AOP) of the athletes randomized to the experimental group will be automatically determined using a digital LED-display BFR device (Fit Cuffs BFR, Denmark). Optimal cuff width, occlusion pressure, and exercise procedures have been previously described in the literature (Loenneke et al., 2015; Scott et al., 2015). A 4-inch-wide tourniquet will be applied to the upper arm of the participant's dominant limb. During the exercise, the AOP will be maintained at 60% using the Fit Cuffs BFR Unit (Denmark), and consistent pressure will be applied to the limb throughout the full range of motion. All participants will use the same cuff model, and 60% AOP will be administered with an FDA/CE-approved automatic Smart Cuffs Pro device (Elite, USA), applied to the proximal region of the arm.

Intervention Type: OTHER

Rating of Perceived Exertion

After each training session, RPE will be collected using the 6-20 Borg Scale at the end of the session, where 6 indicates "no exertion" and 20 indicates "maximal exertion" (Foster et al., 2021).

Intervention Type: OTHER

Battle Rope Training

Based on prior literature recommending battle ropes measuring 12-15 m in length, 3-5 cm in diameter, and 9-16 kg in weight (Pustina et al., 2017; Tessitore et al., 2006; Ziy et al., 2009), this study will use a 12-m, 3.8-cm diameter, 12-kg rope. Participants will perform wave-style rope exercises in a standing position with feet shoulder-width apart and the trunk flexed forward at approximately 30-45°. The rope will be anchored at its midpoint to a stable object, and participants will grip the ends (5 m ± 5 cm each) and execute bilateral oscillations. The protocol will include three sets of five exercises, with progressive durations across the 8-week period: 15 seconds in Weeks 1-2, 20 seconds in Weeks 3-5, and 25 seconds in Weeks 6-8. Rest intervals between sets will remain consistent at 45 seconds throughout the training program.

Intervention Type: OTHER

Arm Circumference

Before the training session and without performing any physical activity, arm circumference will be measured using a 300-cm non-elastic measuring tape. Measurements will be taken at a 90° elbow angle from the midpoint of the upper arm, over the biceps muscle (Otman, 2003).

Intervention Type: OTHER

Skeletal Muscle Endurance

Upper-body and trunk muscular endurance will be assessed using standardized ACSM protocols. Upper-body endurance will be measured with the ACSM push-up test: men will perform standard push-ups, while women will complete kneeling push-ups. The test will stop at volitional fatigue or after two consecutive form errors (chin to mat and full elbow extension). Trunk endurance will be evaluated using the cadence-based YMCA bent-knee sit-up test, performed at one repetition every 2 seconds until volitional fatigue. A valid sit-up requires elbows touching the knees and returning to the starting position in cadence. Upper-body pulling endurance will be tested with a pronated-grip pull-up test. Repetitions must include the chin rising above the bar and full controlled elbow extension. The test ends at volitional fatigue or after repeated form errors. All endurance tests (push-up, sit-up, pull-up) will be performed to volitional fatigue with 2-3 minutes of rest between tests, and the same test

Intervention Type: OTHER

Anaerobic Power

The Wingate Anaerobic Power Test (WAnT) is a widely used 30-second cycling test designed to measure short-term, high-intensity power output and anaerobic energy system capacity (Reiser et al., 2002). Conducted on a Monark 894E ergometer, the test uses a resistance load adjusted to each participant's body mass (Jaafar et al., 2014). Before testing, participants will complete a 4-5 minute warm-up at 60-70 W and 60-70 rpm, including 2-3 short sprints, followed by 3-5 minutes of passive rest. Saddle and handlebar settings will be adjusted so the knee reaches full extension at the lowest pedal position, and feet will be secured with clips. Participants will accelerate to maximal speed without resistance; once they reach 150 rpm, the programmed resistance load will automatically engage. They will then pedal maximally for 30 seconds against this resistance while receiving verbal encouragement (Ozkan, 2007).

Intervention Type: OTHER

Bench Press 1RM Test

Participants will begin with a 5-minute treadmill warm-up at 9 km/h followed by three minutes of light stretching (do Carmo et al., 2021). A specific warm-up will then be performed: 5 reps at 50% of estimated 1RM, followed by 1-2 sets of 2-3 reps at 60-80%. After warm-up, participants will perform single-rep attempts with gradually increasing loads to determine their 1RM, resting 3-5 minutes between trials. Up to five attempts will be used to identify the true 1RM (Schoenfeld et al., 2016).

Intervention Type: OTHER

Triceps Push-Down 1RM Test

Participants will stand in front of the triceps push-down machine, gripping the bar with a shoulder-width pronated grip. Throughout the exercise, the arms will be kept close to the torso, with the trunk slightly leaned forward, ensuring that the hands do not touch the body during full elbow extension. Participants will push the bar downward until reaching full elbow extension, then return to the starting position in a controlled manner; this will count as one repetition. The maximum load that each participant can successfully lift for one full repetition will be recorded as their 1RM (Hussain et al., 2020).

Intervention Type: OTHER

Yo-Yo IR1 Test

The Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) test will be used to assess intermittent endurance capacity (Krustrup et al., 2003). Participants will complete 20 m shuttle runs at progressively increasing speeds, with 10 seconds of active recovery (light jogging over 2 m × 5 m) between runs. The test will stop when the participant can no longer maintain the required pace or fails to reach the line on time for two consecutive shuttles. Performance will be scored by the total distance (number of completed shuttles). A familiarization trial will be conducted before testing. The Yo-Yo IR1 demonstrates high reliability (ICC = 0.94; CV = 3.6%) (Krustrup et al., 2003).

Intervention Type: OTHER

Ultrasound (US)

Muscle thickness and cross-sectional area (CSA) will be measured 48-72 hours after the final training session, with no prior physical activity. A blinded physician will conduct all assessments using standardized anatomical points for the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, brachialis, anterior deltoid, upper trapezius, and rectus abdominis. Measurements will be taken in the axial plane with a light, 90° probe contact. A Toshiba Aplio 500 ultrasound device (10 MHz linear probe) will be used. CSA will be calculated by tracing the inner muscle border, and muscle thickness will be measured between superficial and deep aponeuroses. Two radiology specialists will evaluate the results jointly (Kubo et al., 2011).

Intervention Type: OTHER

Perceived Discomfort Level

Perceived Discomfort Level (PDL) will be assessed using a scale ranging from 0 ("no discomfort") to 10 ("maximum discomfort") (Borg, 1998). The PDL will be evaluated twice: once for overall body discomfort and once specifically for arm discomfort.

Intervention Type: OTHER

Exercise Enjoyment

Exercise enjoyment will be measured using the shortened 8-item version of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES), originally developed by Kendzierski and DeCarlo (1991) and later adapted by Raedeke (2007). This single-factor scale evaluates the level of enjoyment experienced during exercise. Each item is rated on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 ("do not enjoy at all") to 7 ("enjoy very much"), with 4 representing a neutral midpoint. Higher scores indicate greater enjoyment derived from the physical activity (Soylu et al., 2023).

Intervention Type: OTHER

Perceived Exertion Level (OMNI-RES)

The OMNI-RES resistance exercise scale will be used to assess participants' perceived exertion levels. A rating will be recorded at the end of each set, and the average of all set scores will be calculated and documented at the end of the exercise session. The scale will remain within the participant's visual field throughout the session, and they will be instructed to focus on their sense of effort immediately before each rating. Using standardized definitions and instructions, participants will rate their exertion on a scale ranging from 0 ("extremely easy") to 10 ("extremely hard") (Robertson et al., 2003).

Intervention Type: OTHER

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

• Being healthy
• Male volleyball athletes
• Willing to maintain the intervention for all sessions

Exclusion Criteria

• Being under 18 years old
• Having a chronic disease
• Contraindications for exercise

• Minimum Eligible Age: 18 Years
• Maximum Eligible Age: 25 Years
• Eligible Sex: MALE
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Sponsors

Karabuk University

OTHER

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

Neslihan AKÇAY

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Responsibility Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

Neslihan Akçay, Doctorate

Role: STUDY_CHAIR

Karabuk University

Locations

Karabuk University

Karabük, Turkey, Turkey (Türkiye)

Countries

Turkey (Türkiye)

Central Contacts

Neslihan Akçay, Doctorate

Role: CONTACT

neslihanozcan@karabuk.edu.tr

+905468426671

Neslihan Akçay, Doctorate

Role: CONTACT

References

Kamis O, Rolnick N, de Queiros VS, Akcay N, Keskin K, Yildiz KC, Sofuoglu C, Werner T, Hughes L. Impact of limb occlusion pressure assessment position on performance, cardiovascular, and perceptual responses in blood flow restricted low-load resistance exercise: A randomized crossover trial. J Sports Sci. 2025 Oct;43(19):2256-2264. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2422205. Epub 2024 Nov 10.

Reference Type: RESULT

PMID: 39523480 (View on PubMed)

Keskin K, Akcay N, Ozmen T, Contarli N, Yildiz KC, Sofuoglu C, Kamis O, Rolnick N, de Queiros VS, Montoye A. Effects of different pre-exercise strategies on jumping performance in female volleyball players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2025 Jan;65(1):59-68. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.24.16196-8. Epub 2024 Oct 3.

Reference Type: RESULT

PMID: 39360986 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

UKarabuk-5

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id