The Effect of Post-Training Cold Compression in Professional Volleyball Players

NCT ID: NCT06701435

Last Updated: 2024-12-12

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: COMPLETED
• Total Enrollment: 24 participants
• Study Classification: OBSERVATIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2023-10-20
• Study Completion Date: 2024-05-20

Brief Summary

Our study examining the effects of post-training cold compression on muscle oxygen saturation (MOS9), fatigue and jumping performance in professional male volleyball players.

Detailed Description

Volleyball is an intermittent sport consisting of short and high-intensity phases where players jump and change direction suddenly. Intense muscle use during training, intense match schedules, short preparation phases and double trainings applied during the day can cause athletes to lose performance and increase injury rates. The performance of the athlete during the season depends on the amount and distribution of the training load and the appropriate recovery intervention applied during the season. Therefore, appropriate recovery interventions for athletes, shortening the recovery period and increasing its quality are very important. Recovery is a process in which the athlete's fatigue after intense training or matches is eliminated, lactic acid in the muscle and blood is removed, energy stores are restored to their previous level and myoglobin oxygenation is provided. One of the parameters used to examine the effects of muscle damage after exercise and to follow recovery is oxygen saturation. It is known that oxygen saturation in the muscle decreases during exercise and increases in the following recovery process. Different interventions are recommended to optimize the recovery of athletes during the season. Cold applications are the most frequently preferred method due to their practicality and accessibility after training as a recovery intervention. Although it has been reported that cold applications have positive effects on fatigue and general perceptual well-being, their effects on acute performance parameters are controversial. In recent years, the use of cold compression applications in the recovery process after training has become widespread in clinics and sports clubs due to the fact that they allow two types of application and are portable and practical. Cold compression devices aim to reduce tissue temperature, reduce pain, control inflammation and accelerate venous return by applying cold and compression simultaneously. This is achieved by continuous circulation of ice water using intermittent pneumatic compression. There are many studies in the literature on the effects of cold applications on performance parameters (no effect or negative effect) and fatigue (reducing muscle pain and fatigue effects). However, the effect of cold compression on recovery at different temperatures has not been determined. Determining the degree of cold applied and the response received, as well as better identifying recovery interventions applied in professional sports environments and developing cold application protocols applied during the post-training recovery process, and investigating the effects of cold compression on fatigue, performance parameters and recovery parameters will contribute significantly to the literature. Therefore, the aim of our study is to examine the effects of different degrees of cold compression applied to professional male volleyball players compared to passive rest on muscle oxygen saturation, fatigue level and performance.

Conditions

Healthy Men

Keywords

Oxygen saturation; jumping; volleyball; fatigue

Study Design

• Observational Model Type: OTHER
• Study Time Perspective: CROSS_SECTIONAL

Study Groups

1 Degree Cold Compression Group

Cold compression application was performed using Game Ready for 15 minutes. The target temperature was manually set to 1°C and the pressure was set to high compression (75 mm Hg). Since it is known that the applied pressure increases the effect of cold application and oxygenation in the tissue increases as the compression intensity increases (108), it was applied in the high option. Duration was preferred because the optimal range for the duration of cold applications is given as 11-15 minutes in the literature (120). Pneumatic intermittent compression with a standard ∼3-minute cycle was applied to both lower legs using a thigh wrap. The application was performed with the athletes in the supine semi-recumbent position.

Cold Compression

Intervention Type: DEVICE

Cold compression was applied to the athletes with the Game Ready (Game Ready; Global, UK) device. The Game Ready (GR) device applies cooling to the tissue by continuous circulation of ice water with intermittent pneumatic compression. The GR consists of a sleeve that surrounds the affected tissue, a tank containing the ice water and a hose connecting the two. There are chambers inside the sleeve and the air pumped through these chambers and the broken ice pieces and water surround the tissue. The pressure settings are no compression (0 mmHg), low compression (5 to 15 mmHg), medium compression (5 to 50 mmHg) and high compression (5 to 75 mmHg). The ice water passes through the sleeve in 3-minute inflation and deflation cycles. The temperature of the water inside the device can be adjusted by adding ice and water. The temperature to be applied to the tissue is set with the screen on the device.

10 Degree Cold Compression Group

Cold compression application was performed using Game Ready for 15 minutes. The target temperature was manually set to 10°C and the pressure to high compression (75 mm Hg). Pneumatic intermittent compression in a standard ∼3 min cycle was applied to both lower legs using a thigh wrap. The application was performed with the athletes in the supine semi-recumbent position.

Cold Compression

Intervention Type: DEVICE

Cold compression was applied to the athletes with the Game Ready (Game Ready; Global, UK) device. The Game Ready (GR) device applies cooling to the tissue by continuous circulation of ice water with intermittent pneumatic compression. The GR consists of a sleeve that surrounds the affected tissue, a tank containing the ice water and a hose connecting the two. There are chambers inside the sleeve and the air pumped through these chambers and the broken ice pieces and water surround the tissue. The pressure settings are no compression (0 mmHg), low compression (5 to 15 mmHg), medium compression (5 to 50 mmHg) and high compression (5 to 75 mmHg). The ice water passes through the sleeve in 3-minute inflation and deflation cycles. The temperature of the water inside the device can be adjusted by adding ice and water. The temperature to be applied to the tissue is set with the screen on the device.

Passive Rest Control Group

The athletes rested passively in the supine semi-recumbent position for 15 minutes after the training.

No interventions assigned to this group

Interventions

Cold Compression

Cold compression was applied to the athletes with the Game Ready (Game Ready; Global, UK) device. The Game Ready (GR) device applies cooling to the tissue by continuous circulation of ice water with intermittent pneumatic compression. The GR consists of a sleeve that surrounds the affected tissue, a tank containing the ice water and a hose connecting the two. There are chambers inside the sleeve and the air pumped through these chambers and the broken ice pieces and water surround the tissue. The pressure settings are no compression (0 mmHg), low compression (5 to 15 mmHg), medium compression (5 to 50 mmHg) and high compression (5 to 75 mmHg). The ice water passes through the sleeve in 3-minute inflation and deflation cycles. The temperature of the water inside the device can be adjusted by adding ice and water. The temperature to be applied to the tissue is set with the screen on the device.

Intervention Type: DEVICE

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

• Professional male volleyball player
• Performing 100-120 jumps in training (The number of jumps of the athletes in training was determined by Vert Classic (Model #JEM, Mayfonk Athletic, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA).
• Body Mass Index (BMI) below 30 kg/m2
• Voluntary participation in the study

Exclusion Criteria

• Smoking
• The presence of any neurological, rheumatologic or systemic disease
• Any injury or trauma to the quadriceps muscle and lower extremity in the last six months
• The athlete has exercised after training

• Minimum Eligible Age: 18 Years
• Maximum Eligible Age: 37 Years
• Eligible Sex: MALE
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Sponsors

Kutahya Health Sciences University

OTHER

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

Seval Tamer

Principal Investigator

Responsibility Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

seval tamer, asist. prof

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

worker

Locations

Kutahya Health and Science University

Kütahya, Centre, Turkey (Türkiye)

Countries

Turkey (Türkiye)

References

Bhambhani YN. Muscle oxygenation trends during dynamic exercise measured by near infrared spectroscopy. Can J Appl Physiol. 2004 Aug;29(4):504-23. doi: 10.1139/h04-033.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 15328597 (View on PubMed)

Alexander J, Jeffery J, Rhodes D. Recovery profiles of eccentric hamstring strength in response to cooling and compression. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2021 Jul;27:9-15. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2021.03.010. Epub 2021 Mar 28.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 34391318 (View on PubMed)

Chow GCC, Yam TTT, Chung JWY, Fong SSM. Effects of postexercise ice-water and room-temperature water immersion on the sensory organization of balance control and lower limb proprioception in amateur rugby players: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017 Feb;96(7):e6146. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000006146.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 28207546 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

KSHU-ST-01

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id