Long-Term Benefits of Eccentric Cycling Exercise in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

NCT ID: NCT07109102

Last Updated: 2025-08-07

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

NOT_YET_RECRUITING

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

30 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2025-08-31

Study Completion Date

2026-08-31

Brief Summary

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The goal of this interventional study is to evaluate the long-term benefits of eccentric (ECC) cycling exercise on physiological responses, exercise capacity, and quality of life (QoL) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The main questions it aims to answer are:

* What are the effects of ECC cycling compared to concentric (CON) cycling on physiological responses, exercise capacity, and QoL in patients with T2DM?
* What are the differential effects of moderate- and high-intensity ECC cycling compared to CON cycling on physiological responses, exercise capacity, and QoL in patients with T2DM?

Researchers will compare moderate- and high-intensity ECC cycling to CON cycling (conventional cycling) to see if ECC cycling can be a viable alternative or complement to existing exercise protocols for managing T2DM.

Participants will:

* Undergo pre-, mid-, and post-intervention assessment
* Perform either moderate- or high-intensity ECC cycling or moderate intensity CON cycling according to group randomisation by the researcher.
* Start with two familiarisation sessions prior to the actual cycling training.
* Perform cycling exercise twice per week for 10 weeks.

Detailed Description

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Conditions

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Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

PARALLEL

This study is an open-label, single-centre, parallel-group, three-arm, randomised controlled study.
Primary Study Purpose

PREVENTION

Blinding Strategy

NONE

Study Groups

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Moderate intensity eccentric cycling (MI-ECC)

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Moderate-intensity eccentric cycling

Intervention Type OTHER

* This group will perform eccentric cycling exercise twice per week for ten weeks using the Cyclus2 standard eccentric ergometer.
* The intensity will start at 60% of the peak power output (PPO) of the incremental concentric cycling test.
* The intensity will progressively increase by 5% of PPO every 2 weeks (60%-80% PPO).

High intensity eccentric cycling (HI-ECC)

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

High-intensity eccentric cycling

Intervention Type OTHER

* This group will perform eccentric cycling exercise twice per week for ten weeks using the Cyclus2 standard eccentric ergometer.
* The intensity will start at 80% of the peak power output (PPO) of the incremental concentric cycling test.
* The intensity will progressively increase by 5% of PPO every 2 weeks (80%-100% PPO).

Moderate intensity concentric cycling (MI-CON)

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Moderate-intensity concentric cycling

Intervention Type OTHER

* This group will perform concentric cycling exercise twice per week for ten weeks using the Lode Excalibur sport ergometer.
* The intensity will start at 60% of the peak power output (PPO) of the incremental concentric cycling test.
* The intensity will progressively increase by 5% of PPO every 2 weeks (60%-80% PPO).

Interventions

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Moderate-intensity eccentric cycling

* This group will perform eccentric cycling exercise twice per week for ten weeks using the Cyclus2 standard eccentric ergometer.
* The intensity will start at 60% of the peak power output (PPO) of the incremental concentric cycling test.
* The intensity will progressively increase by 5% of PPO every 2 weeks (60%-80% PPO).

Intervention Type OTHER

High-intensity eccentric cycling

* This group will perform eccentric cycling exercise twice per week for ten weeks using the Cyclus2 standard eccentric ergometer.
* The intensity will start at 80% of the peak power output (PPO) of the incremental concentric cycling test.
* The intensity will progressively increase by 5% of PPO every 2 weeks (80%-100% PPO).

Intervention Type OTHER

Moderate-intensity concentric cycling

* This group will perform concentric cycling exercise twice per week for ten weeks using the Lode Excalibur sport ergometer.
* The intensity will start at 60% of the peak power output (PPO) of the incremental concentric cycling test.
* The intensity will progressively increase by 5% of PPO every 2 weeks (60%-80% PPO).

Intervention Type OTHER

Other Intervention Names

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MI-ECC HI-ECC MI-CON

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* Male diagnosed with T2DM
* Age 30 - 60 years old
* Height ≥155cm (To ensure proper ergonomics, comfort and safety during cycling)
* HbA1C level between 6-8%
* No resistance exercise for ≤ 3 months before participating in the current study.
* Physical inactivity (moderate to vigorous exercise ≤60 minutes weekly based on International Physical Activity Questionnaires-Short Form (IPAQ-SF))

Exclusion Criteria

* Acute illness or any foot ulcer, diabetic ulcer, retinopathy, kidney, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, or neurological disorder that could impair exercise performance or pose a risk to participants during exercise.
* Insulin injection
Minimum Eligible Age

30 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

60 Years

Eligible Sex

MALE

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Sponsors

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Universiti Sains Malaysia

OTHER

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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Rabiatul Adawiah Abdul Rahman

Principal Investigator

Responsibility Role PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Locations

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Cardio and Muscle Function Laboratory, Pusat Perubatan USM Bertam

Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

Site Status

Countries

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Malaysia

Central Contacts

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Syamimi Shamsuddin

Role: CONTACT

+6045622024

Facility Contacts

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Rabiatul Adawiah Abdul Rahman

Role: primary

+60193709614

References

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Ansari M, Hardcastle S, Myers S, Williams AD. The Health and Functional Benefits of Eccentric versus Concentric Exercise Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Sports Sci Med. 2023 Jun 1;22(2):288-309. doi: 10.52082/jssm.2023.288. eCollection 2023 Jun.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 37293426 (View on PubMed)

Borot L, Pageaux B, Laroche D, Vergotte G, Lepers R, Perrey S. Eccentric cycling involves greater mental demand and cortical activation of the frontoparietal network. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2024 Jan;34(1):e14517. doi: 10.1111/sms.14517. Epub 2023 Oct 9.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 37814520 (View on PubMed)

Penailillo L, Blazevich AJ, Nosaka K. Factors contributing to lower metabolic demand of eccentric compared with concentric cycling. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2017 Oct 1;123(4):884-893. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00536.2016. Epub 2017 Jun 29.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 28663378 (View on PubMed)

Hoppeler H. Moderate Load Eccentric Exercise; A Distinct Novel Training Modality. Front Physiol. 2016 Nov 16;7:483. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00483. eCollection 2016.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 27899894 (View on PubMed)

Marcus RL, Lastayo PC, Dibble LE, Hill L, McClain DA. Increased strength and physical performance with eccentric training in women with impaired glucose tolerance: a pilot study. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2009 Feb;18(2):253-60. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2007.0669.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 19183097 (View on PubMed)

Clos P, Laroche D, Stapley PJ, Lepers R. Neuromuscular and Perceptual Responses to Sub-Maximal Eccentric Cycling. Front Physiol. 2019 Mar 28;10:354. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00354. eCollection 2019.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 30984032 (View on PubMed)

Penailillo L, Blazevich A, Numazawa H, Nosaka K. Metabolic and muscle damage profiles of concentric versus repeated eccentric cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013 Sep;45(9):1773-81. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31828f8a73.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 23475167 (View on PubMed)

LaStayo P, Marcus R, Dibble L, Frajacomo F, Lindstedt S. Eccentric exercise in rehabilitation: safety, feasibility, and application. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2014 Jun 1;116(11):1426-34. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00008.2013. Epub 2013 Jul 3.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 23823152 (View on PubMed)

LaStayo PC, Ewy GA, Pierotti DD, Johns RK, Lindstedt S. The positive effects of negative work: increased muscle strength and decreased fall risk in a frail elderly population. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2003 May;58(5):M419-24. doi: 10.1093/gerona/58.5.m419.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 12730250 (View on PubMed)

Kudiarasu C, Rohadhia W, Katsura Y, Koeda T, Singh F, Nosaka K. Eccentric-only versus concentric-only resistance training effects on biochemical and physiological parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2021 Dec 20;13(1):162. doi: 10.1186/s13102-021-00384-z.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 34930480 (View on PubMed)

Julian V, Thivel D, Miguet M, Pereira B, Costes F, Coudeyre E, Duclos M, Richard R. Eccentric cycling is more efficient in reducing fat mass than concentric cycling in adolescents with obesity. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2019 Jan;29(1):4-15. doi: 10.1111/sms.13301. Epub 2018 Oct 4.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 30222208 (View on PubMed)

Szucs G, Pipicz M, Szabo MR, Csont T, Torok L, Csonka C. Effect of Eccentric Exercise on Metabolic Health in Diabetes and Obesity. Sports Med Open. 2023 Sep 29;9(1):91. doi: 10.1186/s40798-023-00596-2.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 37775653 (View on PubMed)

Related Links

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Other Identifiers

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USM/JEPeM/PP/25030323

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id

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