High-intensity Interval Training Prescriptions to Reduce the Risk of Complications Linked to Type 2 Diabetes: the Role of Interval Length on Clinical Benefits and on Physiological Mechanisms

NCT ID: NCT04986345

Last Updated: 2023-03-30

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

UNKNOWN

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

15 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2021-10-04

Study Completion Date

2023-08-31

Brief Summary

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Type 2 diabetes (T2D) prevalence has steadily been rising in the past decades and its complications, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD), are a major public health concern.

To lower CVD risk and to maintain an adequate glycemic control, Diabetes Canada recommends aerobic exercise of high-intensity interval training (HIIT). The leading hypothesis of this study is that longer intervals will favor an anti-inflammatory immune state, and that and that it will be correlated with reduced arterial stiffness and blood pressure.

Detailed Description

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Type 2 diabetes (T2D) prevalence has steadily been rising in the past decades and its complications, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD), are a major public health concern. Insulin resistance, an important component of T2D, is associated with vascular dysfunctions, which directly contributes to the pathogenesis of CVD, such as atherosclerosis, and hypertension, particularly with the elderly. It is also suggested that glucose variability, measured with continuous glucose monitors (CGM), is an independent risk factor of CVD in T2D individuals, exposing them to an increased risk of premature death. Moreover, in part because of immune dysregulation, women with T2D are at a heightened risk of developing CVD compared to males. Indeed, monocyte inflammatory profile is altered during the aging process and in women with T2D. This, in turn, causes vascular dysfunction which is associated with a pro-thrombotic state, and exacerbates atherosclerosis and arterial stiffening.

To lower CVD risk and to maintain an adequate glycemic control, Diabetes Canada recommends aerobic exercise of high-intensity interval training (HIIT). However, this recommendation is solely based on the improvement of cardiorespiratory fitness in type 2 diabetes individuals (level of evidence: grade B, level 2). Furthermore, most of these studies use exercise protocols with ergocycles, which limit the ecological validity considering that the elderly population prefers to walk. Though, it is essential to evaluate the impact of different walking HIIT protocols on clinical targets such as arterial pressure, glycemic variability/control using ambulatory blood pressure monitors (ABPM) and CGM.

The preliminary data collected in our laboratory shows that a low volume HIIIT program (6 × 1 min) is insufficient to improve glycemic control/variability and ambulatory blood pressure over 24 hours in elderly diabetic women, despite reducing inflammatory gene expression in monocytes. Interestingly, pro-inflammatory monocytes are linked with hyperglycemia and play a crucial role in the atherosclerotic process, while also being associated with arterial stiffening in individuals with kidney failure, a common T2D complication.

These results raise several questions, including the role played by the length of HIIT intervals on clinical targets. While our preliminary results didn't impact ambulatory blood pressure over 24 hours with shorter intervals (6 × 1 min), other studied showed a reduction of this parameter with longer intervals (4 x 4 min). Therefore, the leading hypothesis of this study is that longer high intensity intervals (Wisløff protocol: 4 x 4 min) will reduce ambulatory blood pressure over 24 hours in a greater extent than shorter intervals (10 x 1 min). Indeed, reduced shear stress induced by shorter intervals could damper cellular and molecular responses to exercise bouts, thereby limiting the effects on arterial stiffness and blood pressure in the hours following exercise. Moreover, changes in gene expression do not guarantee changes at the protein level, and proteins are the real effectors of cellular response. Hence, proteomics will be useful to better understand monocyte response to different HIIT protocols and, possibly, the clinical benefits of this training method. Indeed, longer intervals could induce greater variations to the monocytes' proteome, favoring an anti-inflammatory phenotype, and those changes could be associated with reduced arterial stiffness and blood pressure.

The primary objective of this study is therefore to compare the effect of two treadmill HIIT modalities (4x4 min vs. 10x1 min) on arterial stiffness, ambulatory blood pressure over 24 hours and on glycemic variability in elderly women with T2D. The secondary objective is to assess the proteomic changes in monocytes induced by the two HIIT modalities and to correlate them with changes in clinical parameters.

Conditions

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Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

CROSSOVER

A semi-randomized (experimental conditions) crossover design will be used with a population of elderly women with T2D, and with three experimental conditions (1- rest, 2-HIIT-10: 10x 1 min, 3- HIIT-4: 4 x 4 min).
Primary Study Purpose

BASIC_SCIENCE

Blinding Strategy

NONE

Study Groups

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Rest, HIIT-4, HIIT-10

Both arms start with the rest condition and the order of the two other conditions (HIIT-4 and HIIT-10) is determined at random.

This arm's sequence of intervention is : 1-Rest; 2- HIIT-4 and 3- HIIT-10.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

High-intensity interval training (HIIT)-4

Intervention Type OTHER

4 intervals of 4 minutes at 90% of maximum cardiac frequency, interspersed with 3-minute rests at 70% of maximum cardiac frequency. The session will last 32 minutes, including warm-up and cooldown.

High-intensity interval training (HIIT)-10

Intervention Type OTHER

10 intervals of 1 minutes at 90% of maximum cardiac frequency, interspersed with 1-minute rests at 70% of maximum cardiac frequency. The session will last 34 minutes, including warm-up and cooldown.

Rest

Intervention Type OTHER

Participants are to stay seated for 30 minutes while reading or watching television.

Rest, HIIT-10, HIIT-4

Both arms start with the rest condition and the order of the two other conditions (HIIT-4 and HIIT-10) is determined at random.

This arm's sequence of intervention is : 1- Rest; 2- HIIT-10 and 3- HIIT-4.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

High-intensity interval training (HIIT)-4

Intervention Type OTHER

4 intervals of 4 minutes at 90% of maximum cardiac frequency, interspersed with 3-minute rests at 70% of maximum cardiac frequency. The session will last 32 minutes, including warm-up and cooldown.

High-intensity interval training (HIIT)-10

Intervention Type OTHER

10 intervals of 1 minutes at 90% of maximum cardiac frequency, interspersed with 1-minute rests at 70% of maximum cardiac frequency. The session will last 34 minutes, including warm-up and cooldown.

Rest

Intervention Type OTHER

Participants are to stay seated for 30 minutes while reading or watching television.

Interventions

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High-intensity interval training (HIIT)-4

4 intervals of 4 minutes at 90% of maximum cardiac frequency, interspersed with 3-minute rests at 70% of maximum cardiac frequency. The session will last 32 minutes, including warm-up and cooldown.

Intervention Type OTHER

High-intensity interval training (HIIT)-10

10 intervals of 1 minutes at 90% of maximum cardiac frequency, interspersed with 1-minute rests at 70% of maximum cardiac frequency. The session will last 34 minutes, including warm-up and cooldown.

Intervention Type OTHER

Rest

Participants are to stay seated for 30 minutes while reading or watching television.

Intervention Type OTHER

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* With a diagnostic for type 2 diabetes
* Arterial hypertension (controlled at rest)
* Low or no alcohol consumption (≤ 7 alcoholic beverages/week)
* Non-smoking
* Physically active ( \> 60 minutes of structured and scheduled physical activity/week for the previous 3 months)

Exclusion Criteria

* Insulin therapy
* Use of beta blockers
* Unstable medication in the past 6 months
* Stroke in the past 6 months, or with consequences limiting physical activity practice
* Coronary disease without revascularization, or peripheral artery disease
* Neuropathy, retinopathy of nephropathy diagnostics
* Orthopedic limitations, or medical counter-indication for physical activity practice
* Surgery scheduled during the study period
Minimum Eligible Age

60 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

80 Years

Eligible Sex

FEMALE

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Sponsors

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Université de Sherbrooke

OTHER

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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Responsibility Role SPONSOR

Locations

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Centre de recherche sur le vieillissement

Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada

Site Status RECRUITING

Countries

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Canada

Central Contacts

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Eléonor Riesco, PhD

Role: CONTACT

1-819-821-8000 ext. 63337

Facility Contacts

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Eléonor Riesco, PhD

Role: primary

1-819-821-8000 ext. 63337

References

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Ormazabal V, Nair S, Elfeky O, Aguayo C, Salomon C, Zuniga FA. Association between insulin resistance and the development of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018 Aug 31;17(1):122. doi: 10.1186/s12933-018-0762-4.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 30170598 (View on PubMed)

Nalysnyk L, Hernandez-Medina M, Krishnarajah G. Glycaemic variability and complications in patients with diabetes mellitus: evidence from a systematic review of the literature. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2010 Apr;12(4):288-98. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2009.01160.x.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 20380649 (View on PubMed)

Shalev V, Chodick G, Heymann AD, Kokia E. Gender differences in healthcare utilization and medical indicators among patients with diabetes. Public Health. 2005 Jan;119(1):45-9. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2004.03.004.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 15560901 (View on PubMed)

Peters SA, Huxley RR, Sattar N, Woodward M. Sex Differences in the Excess Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases Associated with Type 2 Diabetes: Potential Explanations and Clinical Implications. Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep. 2015;9(7):36. doi: 10.1007/s12170-015-0462-5.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 26029318 (View on PubMed)

Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee; Sigal RJ, Armstrong MJ, Bacon SL, Boule NG, Dasgupta K, Kenny GP, Riddell MC. Physical Activity and Diabetes. Can J Diabetes. 2018 Apr;42 Suppl 1:S54-S63. doi: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.10.008. No abstract available.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 29650112 (View on PubMed)

Amireault S, Baier JM, Spencer JR. Physical Activity Preferences Among Older Adults: A Systematic Review. J Aging Phys Act. 2018 Oct 25:1-12. doi: 10.1123/japa.2017-0234. Online ahead of print.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 29283793 (View on PubMed)

Shanmugam N, Reddy MA, Guha M, Natarajan R. High glucose-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine genes in monocytic cells. Diabetes. 2003 May;52(5):1256-64. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.52.5.1256.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 12716761 (View on PubMed)

Roy-Chowdhury E, Brauns N, Helmke A, Nordlohne J, Brasen JH, Schmitz J, Volkmann J, Fleig SV, Kusche-Vihrog K, Haller H, von Vietinghoff S. Human CD16+ monocytes promote a pro-atherosclerotic endothelial cell phenotype via CX3CR1-CX3CL1 interaction. Cardiovasc Res. 2021 May 25;117(6):1510-1522. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa234.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 32717023 (View on PubMed)

Lee JW, Cho E, Kim MG, Jo SK, Cho WY, Kim HK. Proinflammatory CD14(+)CD16(+) monocytes are associated with vascular stiffness in predialysis patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Res Clin Pract. 2013 Dec;32(4):147-52. doi: 10.1016/j.krcp.2013.08.001. Epub 2013 Sep 26.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 26877933 (View on PubMed)

Ramirez-Jimenez M, Morales-Palomo F, Pallares JG, Mora-Rodriguez R, Ortega JF. Ambulatory blood pressure response to a bout of HIIT in metabolic syndrome patients. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2017 Jul;117(7):1403-1411. doi: 10.1007/s00421-017-3631-z. Epub 2017 May 10.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 28493030 (View on PubMed)

Ito S. High-intensity interval training for health benefits and care of cardiac diseases - The key to an efficient exercise protocol. World J Cardiol. 2019 Jul 26;11(7):171-188. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v11.i7.171.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 31565193 (View on PubMed)

Tremblay R, Marcotte-Chenard A, Deslauriers L, Boulay P, Boisvert FM, Geraldes P, Gayda M, Christou DD, Little JP, Mampuya W, Riesco E. Acute Effect of High-Intensity Interval Exercise on Blood Pressure in Females Living with Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2025 May 1;57(5):951-961. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000003639. Epub 2024 Dec 30.

Reference Type DERIVED
PMID: 39787496 (View on PubMed)

Low JL, Marcotte-Chenard A, Tremblay R, Islam H, Falkenhain K, Mampuya WM, Mari A, McManus AM, Riesco E, Little JP. An acute bout of 4 x 4-min or 10 x 1-min HIIT improves beta cell glucose sensitivity in postmenopausal females with type 2 diabetes: a secondary analysis. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2025 Jan 1;138(1):311-317. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00777.2024. Epub 2024 Dec 18.

Reference Type DERIVED
PMID: 39694495 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

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DT2-HIIT-Prot

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id

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