Pulse Pressure Variation Vs. Central Venous Pressure for Fluid Management in Intracranial Tumor Surgery
NCT ID: NCT06776666
Last Updated: 2025-01-15
Study Results
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Basic Information
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COMPLETED
42 participants
OBSERVATIONAL
2024-04-03
2024-12-15
Brief Summary
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This randomized study includes 42 patients, aged 18-65 years, undergoing elective intracranial tumor surgery under general anesthesia. Patients are classified as ASA I-III and are randomized into two groups:
1. Group N: Fluid therapy guided by PPV.
2. Group S: Fluid therapy guided by CVP. The study follows standard perioperative protocols, with PPV (\>13%) and CVP (0-6 mmHg) used as primary parameters for fluid administration. Key outcomes include intraoperative fluid requirements (primary) and secondary parameters such as serum lactate levels, incidence of hypotension, brain relaxation scores, and ICU length of stay.
PPV has been shown to be more reliable than CVP in predicting fluid responsiveness, particularly in mechanically ventilated patients with tidal volumes ≥8 mL/kg. However, its efficacy in neurosurgical patients remains underexplored. This study aims to determine if PPV can replace CVP as a superior guide for fluid therapy, enhancing patient outcomes and minimizing complications.
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Detailed Description
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In traditional fluid therapy, hourly fluid requirements for maintenance and fasting-related deficits are calculated using the '4-2-1' rule (4 mL/kg/hour for the first 10 kg, 2 mL/kg/hour for the next 10 kg, and 1 mL/kg/hour for each kilogram thereafter). Estimated fluid losses from surgical bleeding and evaporation are added to these calculations for replacement. In traditional fluid therapy, intravascular volume is estimated using parameters such as arterial blood pressure, heart rate (HR), and urine output. However, these parameters are influenced by many factors and do not always accurately reflect intravascular volume. Managing patients using these parameters, especially in high-risk surgeries, can result in complications related to hypovolemia and hypervolemia. The lack of an optimal perioperative fluid therapy approach in high-risk surgeries has led to new explorations, including personalized, goal-directed fluid therapy facilitated by advanced technological devices. Studies have shown that personalized, goal-directed fluid therapy improves postoperative outcomes.
Various static parameters have been used to guide fluid therapy to date, one of which is CVP (central venous pressure), commonly employed in clinical practice. The normal range of CVP in the supine position is 0-6 mmHg. A CVP below this range indicates hypovolemia, while a CVP above it suggests hypervolemia. Recent studies have shown that CVP's sensitivity and specificity in detecting fluid deficits are insufficient.
In recent years, dynamic parameters with high sensitivity and specificity, such as PPV (pulse pressure variation) and SVV (stroke volume variation), have been increasingly utilized to assess fluid deficits. Changes in arterial pressure waveforms during respiration are used to evaluate the response to fluid administration. These changes occur during controlled mechanical ventilation. Positive pressure ventilation increases intrathoracic pressure during inspiration, reducing venous return, right ventricular filling volume, and left ventricular stroke volume. During expiration, the effects are reversed. If arterial vasomotor tone and cardiac function remain constant, these changes in stroke volume during positive pressure ventilation are reflected in pulse pressure and systolic blood pressure. In fluid-nonresponsive patients, variations in these dynamic parameters are less than 10%.
In mechanically ventilated, hemodynamically stable, and intubated patients with a tidal volume ≥8 mL/kg, a stroke volume variation (SVV) \>10% and a pulse pressure variation (PPV) \>13% indicate a fluid deficit.
PPV has been demonstrated to be more reliable than CVP in predicting fluid responsiveness in various studies. However, there are limited studies evaluating the efficacy of PPV in neurosurgical patient populations. Due to the scarcity of studies in the literature, this study aims to compare the efficacy of fluid management guided by PPV and CVP in patients undergoing intracranial tumor surgery. This study aims to evaluate whether PPV can effectively guide fluid therapy and replace CVP in neurosurgical patients undergoing intracranial tumor surgery.
A total of 42 patients aged 18-65 years, undergoing elective intracranial mass surgery under general anesthesia, with an ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) physical status classification score of I-III, will be included in the study. Patients with renal failure, mental retardation, arrhythmia, severe cardiopulmonary disease, hemodynamic instability, body mass index (BMI) \>40 kg/m², respiratory system compliance (Crs) \<30 mL/cmH₂O, use of lactate-producing medications such as metformin, preoperative elevated lactate levels, tumors causing diabetes insipidus, or those refusing the procedure will be excluded from the study. Patients experiencing massive intraoperative bleeding, failing central venous catheter (CVC) placement, or requiring postoperative ventilator support will also be excluded. All procedures to be performed on the study participants will be explained in detail, and informed consent forms will be signed. The invasive procedures, drug applications, and monitoring methods in this study are within the scope of routine practice.
The 42 patients included in the study will be randomized using a computer-generated sampling method into two groups: Group N (n=21), receiving intraoperative fluid management based on PPV (pulse pressure variation) parameters, and Group S (n=21), receiving intraoperative fluid management based on CVP (central venous pressure) parameters.
All patients in both groups will be encouraged to consume oral carbohydrate fluids (12.5% glucose solution) until two hours before surgery. Upon being brought to the operating table, routine electrocardiogram (ECG), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO₂), end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO₂), and non-invasive blood pressure monitoring will be performed, and an 18G peripheral intravenous line will be placed. During surgery, all patients will receive a crystalloid infusion at 3 mL/kg/hour.
All patients will be intubated after intravenous induction with propofol (1.5-2 mg/kg), fentanyl (1-2 mcg/kg), and rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg). After induction, a 20G cannula will be placed in the radial artery of the upper extremity for monitoring. A 7 French triple-lumen central venous catheter will be placed in the right subclavian vein to manage potential complications. General anesthesia will be maintained with sevoflurane at approximately 1.0 (±20%) minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) with 40% FiO₂ (Fraction of Inspired Oxygen) at 1 L/min fresh gas flow. Both groups will be ventilated in volume-controlled mode with a tidal volume of 8 mL/kg. To calculate Crs in the supine position, a 10% inspiratory pause will be added to the ventilator settings to obtain plateau pressure. The surgery will be performed in the supine position, and the transducer will be positioned at the mid-axillary line in both groups. A urinary catheter will be inserted to monitor urine output. Additional doses of muscle relaxants and fentanyl will be administered as needed. NSAIDs, magnesium, and lidocaine will not be used to avoid affecting intraoperative hypotension or postoperative renal function. Intraoperative systolic arterial pressure will not be allowed to drop by more than 30% from baseline, and the mean arterial pressure will be maintained above 65 mmHg in normotensive patients and 80 mmHg in hypertensive patients. Hypotension will be defined as a drop of more than 20% from baseline mean arterial pressure.
According to institutional practice, 1 g/kg mannitol will be administered before the dura mater is opened. During dura mater opening, the surgical team will assess brain relaxation using a five-point scale (1=optimal conditions, 2=retraction not possible and dilated blood vessels, 3=tissue tension hindering intervention with obliterated sulci and dilated vessels, 4=worsening factors causing brain tissue extrusion, 5=worst conditions for surgery).
Patients with intraoperative hematocrit (Hct) \<24% will receive erythrocyte suspension (ES). For patients with Hct \>24%, transfusion will only occur with severe active bleeding. If Hct \>24% and estimated blood loss is less than 10% of total blood volume, 1.5 times the amount of blood lost will be replaced with crystalloids. If Hct \>24% and blood loss is estimated at 10-20% of total blood volume, 500 mL colloid will be administered. Blood loss will be estimated using the amount in the suction canister and the number of surgical sponges and gauzes used during surgery (a '4x4' gauze will be assumed to hold 10 mL, and a fully soaked laparotomy pad will be assumed to hold 150 mL of blood). In cases of severe volume deficit, colloids will be used to manage hypotensive periods until blood transfusion is administered. Diuresis will be targeted at 0.5 mL/kg/hour or higher in both groups.
In Group N, PPV values will be monitored continuously during the intraoperative period. If PPV \>13%, patients will receive an additional 250 mL of crystalloid fluid over 10 minutes, followed by reevaluation. If PPV ≤13%, SBP \<90 mmHg, MAP \<65 mmHg, and HR \<100 bpm, ephedrine will be administered. If more than 30 mg of ephedrine is required, dopamine infusion will be initiated. If PPV ≤13%, SBP \<90 mmHg, MAP \<65 mmHg, and HR \>100 bpm, norepinephrine infusion will be used.
In Group S, CVP values will be monitored continuously. Patients will be disconnected from the ventilator for CVP measurement. If CVP \<6 mmHg, patients will receive an additional 250 mL of crystalloid bolus over 10 minutes, followed by reevaluation. If CVP ≥6 mmHg, SBP \<90 mmHg, MAP \<65 mmHg, and HR \<100 bpm, ephedrine will be administered. If more than 30 mg of ephedrine is required, dopamine infusion will be initiated. If CVP ≥6 mmHg, SBP \<90 mmHg, MAP \<65 mmHg, and HR \>100 bpm, norepinephrine infusion will be used.
The demographic data of both groups (gender, age, BMI, ASA physical status classification score, comorbidities, baseline oxygen saturation (SpO₂), end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO₂), HR, MAP, CVP, PPV, creatinine, and serum lactate levels) and intraoperative data (surgery duration, fluid management protocol, postoperative creatinine and lactate levels, intraoperative hypotensive episodes, vasopressor requirements, volumes of crystalloids/colloids administered, number of bolus fluids given, volume of blood transfused, brain relaxation score, total intraoperative urine output) will be recorded.
Intraoperative SpO₂, EtCO₂, MAP, HR values, and hourly urine output of all patients will be recorded.
Fifteen minutes before the end of surgery, all patients will receive 100 mg tramadol and 1000 mg paracetamol in 150 mL normal saline as an IV infusion. At the end of surgery, 2-4 mg/kg sugammadex will be administered to reverse neuromuscular blockade. After extubation, patients will be transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU).
Postoperative creatinine and lactate levels will be measured and recorded at the 12th hour. The ICU length of stay will also be documented.
Conditions
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Study Design
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COHORT
PROSPECTIVE
Study Groups
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PPV
Patients with intraoperative fluid management according to PPV parameters
No interventions assigned to this group
CVP
patients with intraoperative fluid management according to CVP parameters
No interventions assigned to this group
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* ASA (American Society of Anesthesiology) physical status classification score I-III
* who will undergo elective intracranial mass surgery under general anesthesia
Exclusion Criteria
* mental retardation
* arrhythmia
* severe cardiopulmonary disease
* hemodynamic instability
* body mass index (BMI) \>40 kg/m2
* respiratory system compliance (Crs) \<30 mL/cmH2O
* use of lactate-producing drugs such as metformin
* lactate elevation at the beginning of the operation
* tumor causing diabetes insipitus
* patients who do not accept the procedure
18 Years
65 Years
ALL
No
Sponsors
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Pamukkale University
OTHER
Responsible Party
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Gizem Demirci
Principal investigator
Locations
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Pamukkale University
Denizli, Pamukkale, Turkey (Türkiye)
Countries
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References
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Bristow A, Shalev D, Rice B, Lipton JM, Giesecke AH Jr. Low-dose synthetic narcotic infusions for cerebral relaxation during craniotomies. Anesth Analg. 1987 May;66(5):413-6. doi: 10.1213/00000539-198705000-00007.
Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007 May;39(2):175-91. doi: 10.3758/bf03193146.
Rail B, Hicks WH, Oduguwa E, Barrie U, Pernik MN, Montgomery E, Tao J, Kenfack YJ, Mofor P, Adeyemo E, Edukugho D, Caruso J, Bagley CA, El Ahmadieh TY, Aoun SG. Transfusion Guidelines in Brain Tumor Surgery: A Systematic Review and Critical Summary of Currently Available Evidence. World Neurosurg. 2022 Sep;165:172-179.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.06.077. Epub 2022 Jun 23.
Gopal J, Srivastava S, Singh N, Haldar R, Verma R, Gupta D, Mishra P. Pulse Pressure Variance (PPV)-Guided Fluid Management in Adult Patients Undergoing Supratentorial Tumor Surgeries: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Asian J Neurosurg. 2023 Sep 22;18(3):508-515. doi: 10.1055/s-0043-1771364. eCollection 2023 Sep.
Vos JJ, Poterman M, Salm PP, Van Amsterdam K, Struys MM, Scheeren TW, Kalmar AF. Noninvasive pulse pressure variation and stroke volume variation to predict fluid responsiveness at multiple thresholds: a prospective observational study. Can J Anaesth. 2015 Nov;62(11):1153-60. doi: 10.1007/s12630-015-0464-2. Epub 2015 Sep 3.
Sundaram SC, Salins SR, Kumar AN, Korula G. Intra-Operative Fluid Management in Adult Neurosurgical Patients Undergoing Intracranial Tumour Surgery: Randomised Control Trial Comparing Pulse Pressure Variance (PPV) and Central Venous Pressure (CVP). J Clin Diagn Res. 2016 May;10(5):UC01-5. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2016/18377.7850. Epub 2016 May 1.
Mayer J, Boldt J, Mengistu AM, Rohm KD, Suttner S. Goal-directed intraoperative therapy based on autocalibrated arterial pressure waveform analysis reduces hospital stay in high-risk surgical patients: a randomized, controlled trial. Crit Care. 2010;14(1):R18. doi: 10.1186/cc8875. Epub 2010 Feb 15.
Hofer CK, Muller SM, Furrer L, Klaghofer R, Genoni M, Zollinger A. Stroke volume and pulse pressure variation for prediction of fluid responsiveness in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Chest. 2005 Aug;128(2):848-54. doi: 10.1378/chest.128.2.848.
Deflandre E, Bonhomme V, Hans P. Delta down compared with delta pulse pressure as an indicator of volaemia during intracranial surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2008 Feb;100(2):245-50. doi: 10.1093/bja/aem361. Epub 2007 Dec 14.
Montenij LJ, de Waal EE, Buhre WF. Arterial waveform analysis in anesthesia and critical care. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2011 Dec;24(6):651-6. doi: 10.1097/ACO.0b013e32834cd2d9.
Teboul JL, Monnet X, Chemla D, Michard F. Arterial Pulse Pressure Variation with Mechanical Ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Jan 1;199(1):22-31. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201801-0088CI.
Berkenstadt H, Margalit N, Hadani M, Friedman Z, Segal E, Villa Y, Perel A. Stroke volume variation as a predictor of fluid responsiveness in patients undergoing brain surgery. Anesth Analg. 2001 Apr;92(4):984-9. doi: 10.1097/00000539-200104000-00034.
Cannesson M, Le Manach Y, Hofer CK, Goarin JP, Lehot JJ, Vallet B, Tavernier B. Assessing the diagnostic accuracy of pulse pressure variations for the prediction of fluid responsiveness: a "gray zone" approach. Anesthesiology. 2011 Aug;115(2):231-41. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e318225b80a.
Yang X, Du B. Does pulse pressure variation predict fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2014 Nov 27;18(6):650. doi: 10.1186/s13054-014-0650-6.
Voldby AW, Brandstrup B. Fluid therapy in the perioperative setting-a clinical review. J Intensive Care. 2016 Apr 16;4:27. doi: 10.1186/s40560-016-0154-3. eCollection 2016.
Marik PE, Cavallazzi R. Does the central venous pressure predict fluid responsiveness? An updated meta-analysis and a plea for some common sense. Crit Care Med. 2013 Jul;41(7):1774-81. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31828a25fd.
Gan TJ, Soppitt A, Maroof M, el-Moalem H, Robertson KM, Moretti E, Dwane P, Glass PS. Goal-directed intraoperative fluid administration reduces length of hospital stay after major surgery. Anesthesiology. 2002 Oct;97(4):820-6. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200210000-00012.
Bellamy MC. Wet, dry or something else? Br J Anaesth. 2006 Dec;97(6):755-7. doi: 10.1093/bja/ael290. No abstract available.
Miller TE, Myles PS. Perioperative Fluid Therapy for Major Surgery. Anesthesiology. 2019 May;130(5):825-832. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000002603. No abstract available.
Other Identifiers
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ET-GD-CVP-PPV-FLD-001
Identifier Type: OTHER
Identifier Source: secondary_id
E-60116787-020-512899
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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