The Investigators Conducted a Study to Examine the Impact of Wild Ginseng Extract (WG) on Exercise Performance, Cognitive Function, and Fatigue Recovery Among Twelve Healthy Adult Males
NCT ID: NCT06679725
Last Updated: 2024-11-07
Study Results
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Basic Information
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COMPLETED
NA
12 participants
INTERVENTIONAL
2016-06-06
2017-05-12
Brief Summary
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The main questions to answer were:
* Does WG improve exercise performance?
* Does WG improve cognitive function?
* Does WG facilitate recovery from the exercise?
The investigators will compare WG to a Placebo (a look-alike substance that contains no substance) to see if WG works.
Participants will:
* Take WG or a Placebo every day for 7 days with a 2-week wash-out (It is a specific time frame. During this time, certain substances are removed from the body).
* Visit the laboratory a total of five times for the tests, including one pre-familiarization (to be familiar with the exercise and other procedures)
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Detailed Description
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Among the plethora of natural substances garnering attention, wild ginseng extract emerges as a compelling candidate. Ginseng is widely used for its promising healing and restorative properties as well as for its possible tonic effect in traditional medicine and has recently become a popular supplement in Western Countries. There are a multitude of variations among ginseng: among those, Korean ginseng is most notable for its efficacy. To date there have been numerous studies utilizing Korean ginseng attempting to establish an increase in either sports performance, cognitive function, or fatigue recovery. The use of ginseng thus far has not proved much success in the realm of performance enhancement. Conversely, notable achievements have been observed in the realms of cognitive enhancement and fatigue mitigation. The wild ginseng extract has exhibited promising results in ameliorating psychomotor performance and mitigating the effects of chronic fatigue associated with various pathological conditions.
Some issues arise from previous studies of ginseng use as an ergonomic aid. First are the inadequate sample sizes that are being utilized. Secondly are the varying dosages that are being used throughout the study. The issues that arise with all previous studies are the varying doses along with inadequate sample sizes. The limitations of previous investigations lie predominantly in their emphasis on chronic effects, or their exclusive focus on specific domains such as endurance sports and cognitive function. Consequently, there remains a notable scarcity of research delving into the acute impacts of wild ginseng extract on exercise performance, cognitive function, and fatigue recovery. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to elucidate the effects of wild ginseng extract on exercise performance, cognitive function, and fatigue recovery.
This study is a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover experiment with two trials (WG and placebo). Twelve healthy adult males (age=31±6.86 years) were randomly assigned to either WG or placebo groups with 2-week wash-out period. After a brief explanation of procedures, exercises, risks, and benefits associated with the study, each participant gave written consent before participation. The study was approved by the College's Institutional Review Board. Participants completed a questionnaire before the initiation of the experiment. Any of the participants who had any health issues, injuries, metabolic, cardiovascular, pulmonary disease, or intake of medication and or herbal supplementation were excluded from the trials.
Before the test, The investigators had a pre-familiarization that was conducted 3-5 days prior to the experiment. During the pre-familiarization, The investigators conducted a VO2 max test, body composition measurements, and cognitive function test. Body Composition. Body weight, height, percentage of body fat, blood pressure (mmHg), and heart rate (beats/min) were assessed. Body weight and height (weight in kilograms, height in meters) were measured using a wall stadiometer (PAT #290237, Novel Products, USA). Body fat (kg) was measured by skin fold (PAT#3,008,239, Beta Technology, USA). Blood pressure (mmHg) was measured using a blood pressure gauge (BP791IT, Omron, Japan). Heart rate (beats/min) was assessed by using a heart rate monitor (S120, Polar, USA). After the pre-familiarization, the experiments began. A Korean wild ginseng extract drink or placebo was given 90 minutes before the cycling exercise began. Power, strength, and cognitive function tests were conducted before, during, and after the experiment.
Composition of WG and Placebo Ingredient Ginseng Drink (%) Placebo (%) Korea Wild Ginseng Extract 0.25 0.00 Soy Powder 1.5 1.5 Almond Paste 1.5 1.5 Isomaltooligosaccharide 1.0 1.0 Fructooligosaccharide 0.75 0.75 Refined Salt 0.95 0.95 Scented Almond 0.05 0.05 Xanthan Gum 0.95 0.95 Sodium Bicarbonate 0.95 0.95 Soybean Extract 0.5 0.5 Water 93.15 93.15 Scented Ginseng 0.00 0.25 Caramel Coloring 0.00 0.06
VO2 max test: The participants were initially tested on a cycle ergometer to determine their maximal aerobic capacity (VO2 max) to accurately prescribe exercise intensities for endurance performance. During the VO2 max test, the participants exercised on cycle ergometer (894E, Monark, Sweden) with an initial work rate equal to 60 W and a pedaling rate of 60 revolutions per minute (rpm) for 2 minutes. Thereafter, the work rate increased by 30W every 2 minutes until the participant reached exhaustion, which was determined when participants met at least 2 of the following conditions: (a) inability to keep up the pedaling rate of 60 rpm for more than 5 seconds with verbal encouragement, (b) respiratory exchange ratio (RER) 1.10, (c) rating of perceived exertion (RPE) ≧19 (Borg 6-20 scale), or (d) volitional fatigue.
Cycling exercise: The participants performed the cycling exercise to assess endurance performance for 30 minutes at 70-75% of VO2 max. The cycle ergometer (984E, Monark, Sweden) was used to perform the cycling exercise.
Exercise Performance measurements Power: Power (Watts/kg) was evaluated by peak (average) power test using automatic Powercycle (Powercycle, USA). The participants performed a 2-minute warm-up by cycling at 100 to 120 repetitions per mins (rpm) with a power of 100 to 120 Watts. They performed four bouts of maximal acceleration for approximately 3 to 4 seconds on a verbal command with standardized encouragement. Data was recorded for 6.5 crank revolutions. The length of seat height was selected by each participant.
Strength: Isometric knee extensor and flexor strength (kg) was measured by a muscle testing system (Lafayette, USA). The participants sat on the table in supine position, and the knee and hip are positioned 90 degrees. The participants were instructed to remain seated and place both hands on the table. The dynamometer force pad was placed proximal to the ankle joint, and the knee extensor strength was quantified in pound force. All participants performed two maximal trials for 3 to 5 seconds with a 30 second rest interval. The higher value of two trials was recorded with normalized as a direct percentage of body weight (%BW).
Endurance performance: The participant performed the 10-mile time trial to assess endurance performance (second) using cycle ergometer. The cycle ergometer (984E, Monark, Sweden) was used to perform the time trial cycling. The workload was standardized for each participant by setting the resistance to achieve 70% VO2 max. Participants received standard encouragement to complete the time trial as quickly as possible and the time to complete the 10-mile distance was recorded.
Blood Analysis Glucose, IL-6, myoglobin, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured using about 2.5- 3 ml of blood withdrawn from an antecubital vein before, during, and after the cycling performances. The total volume of blood withdrawn per test was less than 34 ml. Therefore, total amount of blood withdrawn for all tests was less than 136 ml over the 44 days of experimental period (34 ml x 4 tests = 136 ml) A trained phlebotomist used the same standardized procedure used in doctors' offices and labs to collect blood. All blood samples were drawn into a tube containing ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) to prevent coagulation. The blood was centrifuged, and the upper layer of plasma was transferred into a conical tube and stored at -20°C. Plasma lactate was then analyzed by lactic dehydrogenase enzymatic method (Sigma, USA). Serum was analyzed for glucose, IL-6, myoglobin, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Glucose level was analyzed by oxidase/Trinder endpoint method (Fisher, USA). IL-6 was analyzed by commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA, EMD Millipore, Germany). Myoglobin was analyzed by enzyme immunoassay (ELISA, Biocheck, USA). Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was analyzed using an antioxidant assay kit. All measurements were performed in duplicate.
Cognitive Performance To assess cognitive function, psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) and delayed-match-to-sample task (DMS) were taken before and after each exercise. The PVT test is composed of 40 trials for 5 minutes to assess mean reaction time (msec). The DMS was taken 20 minutes with 20 trials to assess memory.
Fatigue Fatigue rates were measured utilizing a rate of perceived exertion (RPE), scale of muscle soreness, and a fatigue questionnaire that was provided.
Conditions
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Study Design
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RANDOMIZED
CROSSOVER
TREATMENT
DOUBLE
Study Groups
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Wild ginseng extract
The ginseng used in this study is a commercially manufactured standardized 140 ml liquid package and approved for safety. The drink contains 0.25% of wild ginseng extract and other ingredients while the placebo is manufactured to be identical in appearance (brown color, calorie (30.23 Kcal), taste, and content). The placebo utilized in the study consisted of the same ingredients as the treatment drink, with the exception of 0.25% wild ginseng extract.
Wild ginseng extract
This ginseng extract was manufactured and provided by the Korea Food Research Institute (sponsor). It is extracted from red ginseng. Red ginseng is generally considered to have greater biological effects and fewer side effects than white or fresh ginseng.
Placebo
The placebo utilized in the study consisted of the same ingredients as the treatment drink, with the exception of 0.25% Korean wild Ginseng Extract. This was achieved by incor-porating 0.25% scented ginseng and 0.06% caramel coloring (Table 1).
Placebo
The placebo utilized in the study consisted of the same ingredients as the treatment drink, with the exception of 0.25% Korean wild Ginseng Extract. This was achieved by incor-porating 0.25% scented ginseng and 0.06% caramel coloring
Interventions
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Wild ginseng extract
This ginseng extract was manufactured and provided by the Korea Food Research Institute (sponsor). It is extracted from red ginseng. Red ginseng is generally considered to have greater biological effects and fewer side effects than white or fresh ginseng.
Placebo
The placebo utilized in the study consisted of the same ingredients as the treatment drink, with the exception of 0.25% Korean wild Ginseng Extract. This was achieved by incor-porating 0.25% scented ginseng and 0.06% caramel coloring
Other Intervention Names
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* No history of taking prescription medications or herbals
Exclusion Criteria
18 Years
30 Years
MALE
Yes
Sponsors
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Texas A&M University San Antonio
OTHER
Responsible Party
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Dr. Suk H. Lee
Professor of Health and KInesiology
Locations
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Texas A&M University-San Antonio
San Antonio, Texas, United States
Countries
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References
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Zhu J, Xu X, Zhang X, Zhuo Y, Chen S, Zhong C, Liu M, Wang Z. Efficacy of ginseng supplements on disease-related fatigue: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022 Jul 1;101(26):e29767. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000029767.
Bentler SE, Hartz AJ, Kuhn EM. Prospective observational study of treatments for unexplained chronic fatigue. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005 May;66(5):625-32. doi: 10.4088/jcp.v66n0513.
Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Wesnes KA. Dose dependent changes in cognitive performance and mood following acute administration of Ginseng to healthy young volunteers. Nutr Neurosci. 2001;4(4):295-310. doi: 10.1080/1028415x.2001.11747370.
Scholey AB, Kennedy DO. Acute, dose-dependent cognitive effects of Ginkgo biloba, Panax ginseng and their combination in healthy young volunteers: differential interactions with cognitive demand. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2002 Jan;17(1):35-44. doi: 10.1002/hup.352.
Fekete M, Lehoczki A, Tarantini S, Fazekas-Pongor V, Csipo T, Csizmadia Z, Varga JT. Improving Cognitive Function with Nutritional Supplements in Aging: A Comprehensive Narrative Review of Clinical Studies Investigating the Effects of Vitamins, Minerals, Antioxidants, and Other Dietary Supplements. Nutrients. 2023 Dec 15;15(24):5116. doi: 10.3390/nu15245116.
Ping FW, Keong CC, Bandyopadhyay A. Effects of acute supplementation of Panax ginseng on endurance running in a hot & humid environment. Indian J Med Res. 2011 Jan;133(1):96-102.
Morris AC, Jacobs I, McLellan TM, Klugerman A, Wang LC, Zamecnik J. No ergogenic effect of ginseng ingestion. Int J Sport Nutr. 1996 Sep;6(3):263-71. doi: 10.1123/ijsn.6.3.263.
Engels HJ, Wirth JC. No ergogenic effects of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) during graded maximal aerobic exercise. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997 Oct;97(10):1110-5. doi: 10.1016/S0002-8223(97)00271-X.
Allen JD, McLung J, Nelson AG, Welsch M. Ginseng supplementation does not enhance healthy young adults' peak aerobic exercise performance. J Am Coll Nutr. 1998 Oct;17(5):462-6. doi: 10.1080/07315724.1998.10718795.
Hsu CC, Ho MC, Lin LC, Su B, Hsu MC. American ginseng supplementation attenuates creatine kinase level induced by submaximal exercise in human beings. World J Gastroenterol. 2005 Sep 14;11(34):5327-31. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i34.5327.
Kulaputana O, Thanakomsirichot S, Anomasiri W. Ginseng supplementation does not change lactate threshold and physical performances in physically active Thai men. J Med Assoc Thai. 2007 Jun;90(6):1172-9.
Reay JL, Kennedy DO, Scholey AB. The glycaemic effects of single doses of Panax ginseng in young healthy volunteers. Br J Nutr. 2006 Oct;96(4):639-42.
Other Identifiers
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11072014
Identifier Type: OTHER
Identifier Source: secondary_id
Wild Ginseng Extract
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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