Study Results
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Basic Information
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COMPLETED
NA
24 participants
INTERVENTIONAL
2023-09-01
2024-04-15
Brief Summary
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Detailed Description
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Participants reported to the laboratory on 2 separate occasions: one initial session to measure anthropometrics and 1-repetition maximum (1RM) strength of the arm muscles and as well as to collect resting venous blood samples, prior to the four-week supplementation period. Upon arrival at the laboratory for their initial visits, each participant underwent measurements of body mass (MC 780 ST Black) and body height (Telescopic Height Meter), after which resting venous blood samples were collected from the median antecubital vein by a healthcare professional.
Following these baseline measurements, participants were assigned to one of the groups through a strict randomization process, which included selecting boxes numbered up to 24, all with the same size, color, and pattern. Participants were asked to choose one of the random numbers accompanied by an independent person other than the researchers. This process was recorded by the supervisor in paper-based surveys and digitally. Subsequently, all participants were instructed to consume their corresponding supplements (4 mg/day AX, 12 mg/day AX or 12 mg/day PLC) for 4 weeks.
After the 4 weeks of supplementation, participants reported to the laboratory for the post-supplementation measurements that included the collection of blood samples at rest, immediately after, as well as at 2, 24, 48, and 72 hours following completing eccentric arm exercises performed at 85% of predetermined 1RM.
Before obtaining blood samples (i.e., immediately after, and at 2, 24, 48, and 72 hours after exercises), participants were asked to assess their current pain levels using the Numerical Visual Pain Scale (NRS, ranging between 0-10 and 0-100) to determine any correspondence with muscle damage markers in the blood 25.
All participants were instructed to abstain from taking any medications for a minimum of 7 days prior to the study and to avoid consuming vitamins, foods, or supplements containing antioxidants, as well as analgesics, aspirin, or any other anti-inflammatory drugs throughout the duration of the study. A list of AX-rich foods, beverages and vitamins was provided to each participant prior to testing and all participants were asked to avoid these items during both 4-week supplementation periods and to maintain their regular eating habits and refrain from strenuous exercise to minimize the risk of muscle damage. A WhatsApp group was created for the purpose of monitoring the participants' supplement use.
To ascertain the extent of product usage, a survey form created using Google Forms was disseminated during the supplementation period. Participants were required to approve the form on a daily basis. At the end of each day, the data entered into the Excel file created using OneDrive was reviewed by at least one researcher.
Conditions
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Study Design
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RANDOMIZED
PARALLEL
OTHER
DOUBLE
Study Groups
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Astaxanthin (12 mg/day) group
In this group, participants ingested either 12 mg/day (AX12) for 4 weeks.
Astaxanthin (12 mg/day) intervention
12 mg/day astaxanthin was administrated to all participants in the astaxanthin 12 mg/day groupfor 4 weeks. Following this supplementation protocol, we assessed the muscle damage markers (creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase), total antioxidant status (malondialdehyde and uric acid), and muscle pain levels were evaluated using the Numerical Visual Pain Scale0-10.
Astaxanthin (36 mg/day) group
In this group, participants ingested either 36 mg/day (AX36) for 4 weeks.
36 mg/day astaxanthin intervention
36 mg/day astaxanthin was administrated to all participants in the astaxanthin 36 mg/day group for 4 weeks. Following this supplementation protocol, we assessed the muscle damage markers (creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase), total antioxidant status (malondialdehyde and uric acid), and muscle pain levels were evaluated using the Numerical Visual Pain Scale0-10.
Placebo
In this group, participants ingested the placebo capsules that were identical in appearance and dimensions to the astaxanthin supplement.
Placebo
12 mg/day placebo was administrated to all participants in the placebo group for 4 weeks. Following the placebo supplementation, we assessed the muscle damage markers (creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase), total antioxidant status (malondialdehyde and uric acid), and muscle pain levels were evaluated using the Numerical Visual Pain Scale0-10.
Interventions
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Astaxanthin (12 mg/day) intervention
12 mg/day astaxanthin was administrated to all participants in the astaxanthin 12 mg/day groupfor 4 weeks. Following this supplementation protocol, we assessed the muscle damage markers (creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase), total antioxidant status (malondialdehyde and uric acid), and muscle pain levels were evaluated using the Numerical Visual Pain Scale0-10.
36 mg/day astaxanthin intervention
36 mg/day astaxanthin was administrated to all participants in the astaxanthin 36 mg/day group for 4 weeks. Following this supplementation protocol, we assessed the muscle damage markers (creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase), total antioxidant status (malondialdehyde and uric acid), and muscle pain levels were evaluated using the Numerical Visual Pain Scale0-10.
Placebo
12 mg/day placebo was administrated to all participants in the placebo group for 4 weeks. Following the placebo supplementation, we assessed the muscle damage markers (creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase), total antioxidant status (malondialdehyde and uric acid), and muscle pain levels were evaluated using the Numerical Visual Pain Scale0-10.
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
Exclusion Criteria
19 Years
25 Years
MALE
Yes
Sponsors
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Hacettepe University
OTHER
Responsible Party
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Muhammed Mustafa Atakan
Associate Professor of Exercise Physiology
Principal Investigators
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Muhammed Atakan, PhD
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Hacettepe University
Locations
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Muhammed Atakan
Ankara, , Turkey (Türkiye)
Countries
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References
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Howatson G, van Someren KA. The prevention and treatment of exercise-induced muscle damage. Sports Med. 2008;38(6):483-503. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200838060-00004.
Markus I, Constantini K, Hoffman JR, Bartolomei S, Gepner Y. Exercise-induced muscle damage: mechanism, assessment and nutritional factors to accelerate recovery. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2021 Apr;121(4):969-992. doi: 10.1007/s00421-020-04566-4. Epub 2021 Jan 8.
Bloomer RJ. The role of nutritional supplements in the prevention and treatment of resistance exercise-induced skeletal muscle injury. Sports Med. 2007;37(6):519-32. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200737060-00005.
McArdle A, Vasilaki A, Jackson M. Exercise and skeletal muscle ageing: cellular and molecular mechanisms. Ageing Res Rev. 2002 Feb;1(1):79-93. doi: 10.1016/s0047-6374(01)00368-2.
Vina J, Gomez-Cabrera MC, Lloret A, Marquez R, Minana JB, Pallardo FV, Sastre J. Free radicals in exhaustive physical exercise: mechanism of production, and protection by antioxidants. IUBMB Life. 2000 Oct-Nov;50(4-5):271-7. doi: 10.1080/713803729.
He F, Li J, Liu Z, Chuang CC, Yang W, Zuo L. Redox Mechanism of Reactive Oxygen Species in Exercise. Front Physiol. 2016 Nov 7;7:486. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00486. eCollection 2016.
Kuru D, Aktitiz S, Atakan MM, Kose MG, Turnagol HH, Kosar SN. Effect of Pre-exercise Sodium Citrate Ingestion on Repeated Sprint Performance in Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res. 2024 Mar 1;38(3):556-562. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000004651. Epub 2024 Jan 19.
Bongiovanni T, Genovesi F, Nemmer M, Carling C, Alberti G, Howatson G. Nutritional interventions for reducing the signs and symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage and accelerate recovery in athletes: current knowledge, practical application and future perspectives. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2020 Sep;120(9):1965-1996. doi: 10.1007/s00421-020-04432-3. Epub 2020 Jul 13.
Brotosudarmo THP, Limantara L, Setiyono E, Heriyanto. Structures of Astaxanthin and Their Consequences for Therapeutic Application. Int J Food Sci. 2020 Jul 20;2020:2156582. doi: 10.1155/2020/2156582. eCollection 2020.
Higuera-Ciapara I, Felix-Valenzuela L, Goycoolea FM. Astaxanthin: a review of its chemistry and applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2006;46(2):185-96. doi: 10.1080/10408690590957188.
Cao Y, Yang L, Qiao X, Xue C, Xu J. Dietary astaxanthin: an excellent carotenoid with multiple health benefits. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2023;63(18):3019-3045. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1983766. Epub 2021 Sep 28.
Brown DR, Gough LA, Deb SK, Sparks SA, McNaughton LR. Astaxanthin in Exercise Metabolism, Performance and Recovery: A Review. Front Nutr. 2018 Jan 18;4:76. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2017.00076. eCollection 2017.
Waldman HS, Bryant AR, Parten AL, Grozier CD, McAllister MJ. Astaxanthin Supplementation Does Not Affect Markers of Muscle Damage or Inflammation After an Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage Protocol in Resistance-Trained Males. J Strength Cond Res. 2023 Jul 1;37(7):e413-e421. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000004408. Epub 2023 Jan 18.
Naguib YM. Antioxidant activities of astaxanthin and related carotenoids. J Agric Food Chem. 2000 Apr;48(4):1150-4. doi: 10.1021/jf991106k.
Other Identifiers
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IMU-GETAT-E-95961207
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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