Study Results
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Basic Information
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RECRUITING
NA
114 participants
INTERVENTIONAL
2024-08-31
2025-12-31
Brief Summary
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Specific Aim 1 (Primary): To compare the improvement of visual acuity in the amblyopic eye between AR training and patching for the treatment of unilateral amblyopia.
Specific Aim 2 (Secondary): To compare the improvement of visual functions between AR training and patching for the treatment of unilateral amblyopia.
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Detailed Description
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Selective deficits were found in the parvocellular pathway (P pathway) compared to the magnocellular pathway (M pathway) in the monocular processing of visual information in the amblyopic eye (AE) (Wen et al., 2021). In addition to monocular deficits, imbalanced binocular suppression may also play important roles in the visual deficits of amblyopia as suggested by clinical evidence (DeSantis, 2014; Von Noorden, 1996) and psychophysical studies (Baker et al., 2008; Holopigian et al., 1988; Li et al., 2011; Zhou et al., 2013). Based on the neural deficits in unilateral amblyopia, we first apply the push-pull approach (Xu, He \& Ooi, 2010; Ooi et al., 2013), which was aimed to reduce sensory eye dominance in previous literatures, into the rebalance of functions of M and P pathways in the AE and the rebalance of binocular interaction, to improve the high spatial detail perception of the AE in daily life under binocular viewing condition, as well as binocular functions.
Using AR technique combined with dichoptic device, we present differentially-processed images to each eye of the patients in real time, allowing them to interact with the surrounding environment during the visual training. Using a Butterworth filter with the cutoff at 2 cycle pre degree, the images captured in real time are divided into information with high and low spatial frequencies (SFs) corresponding to the P and M pathways, respectively. For the AE, original low SF phase of captured images is scrambled into random noise with the refresh rate of the display, while the original information with high SF is retained completely. As a result, the function of the P pathway is pulled while the function of the M pathway is pushed, actively encouraging the interaction with the surrounding environment through high SF information. For the fellow eye (FE), original high SF phase of captured images is scrambled into random noise with increased contrast and reduced temporal frequency, while the contrast of the original high SF information is reduced. As a result, in addition to the push-pull in monocular P\&M pathways, the function of the P pathway in the FE is pulled and while the function of the P pathway in the AE is pushed, actively improving the rebalance of binocular inhibition.
The proposed trial will be conducted in 4 different study sites in China. For the AR training group, patients need to perform AR training for 2 hours per day at home. For the patching group, patients need to patch the FE for 2 hours per day at home.
Conditions
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Study Design
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RANDOMIZED
PARALLEL
TREATMENT
SINGLE
Study Groups
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AR training group
Dichoptic augmented reality training with dual-pathway (parvocellular pathway and magnocellular pathway) and interocular push-pull paradigms developed based on neural deficits in unilateral amblyopia.
AR training
Dichoptic augmented reality training with dual-pathway (parvocellular pathway and magnocellular pathway) and interocular push-pull paradigms developed based on neural deficits in unilateral amblyopia.
Patching group
Conventional patching therapy.
Patching
Conventional patching therapy.
Interventions
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AR training
Dichoptic augmented reality training with dual-pathway (parvocellular pathway and magnocellular pathway) and interocular push-pull paradigms developed based on neural deficits in unilateral amblyopia.
Patching
Conventional patching therapy.
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
2. Best-corrected visual acuity worse than 20/30 but no worse than 20/200 in the amblyopic eye, interocular difference of 2 or more lines, with the better eye within the normal range;
3. Patients have applied optical refractive correction for more than 3 months;
4. Ability attend visits and complete the treatment;
5. Normal binocular alignment including strabismic amblyopia with orthotropia after surgical correction, or intermittent exotropia within a range of -15 to 0 prism diopters measured by the prism cover test.
Exclusion Criteria
2. Lesions of the brain preventing the establishment of good vision (e.g. cortical visual impairment);
3. Implantable electronic device;
4. A history of ocular surgery (except strabismus surgery) affecting vision (e.g. retinal detachment repair);
5. A history of ocular trauma affecting vision;
6. Receiving amblyopia therapy (except wearing glasses) within 2 weeks prior to presentation;
7. History of epilepsy or mental illness, or cognitive defects;
8. Currently taking medications or needing to take medications during the study period that may affect vision;
9. Inability to comply with the treatments or follow-up visits required;
10. Participation in clinical trials on drugs within 3 months prior to presentation, or clinical trials on other medical devices within 30 days prior to presentation.
5 Years
55 Years
ALL
No
Sponsors
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First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University
OTHER
Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
UNKNOWN
Jiangsu Provincial People's Hospital
OTHER
Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University
OTHER
Responsible Party
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Locations
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Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University
Shanghai, , China
Countries
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Central Contacts
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Facility Contacts
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References
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Pineles SL, Aakalu VK, Hutchinson AK, Galvin JA, Heidary G, Binenbaum G, VanderVeen DK, Lambert SR. Binocular Treatment of Amblyopia: A Report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2020 Feb;127(2):261-272. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.08.024. Epub 2019 Oct 13.
Cruz OA, Repka MX, Hercinovic A, Cotter SA, Lambert SR, Hutchinson AK, Sprunger DT, Morse CL, Wallace DK; American Academy of Ophthalmology Preferred Practice Pattern Pediatric Ophthalmology/Strabismus Panel. Amblyopia Preferred Practice Pattern. Ophthalmology. 2023 Mar;130(3):P136-P178. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2022.11.003. Epub 2022 Dec 14. No abstract available.
Wen W, Wang Y, Zhou J, He S, Sun X, Liu H, Zhao C, Zhang P. Loss and enhancement of layer-selective signals in geniculostriate and corticotectal pathways of adult human amblyopia. Cell Rep. 2021 Dec 14;37(11):110117. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110117.
DeSantis D. Amblyopia. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2014 Jun;61(3):505-18. doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2014.03.006. Epub 2014 Apr 14.
Von Noorden GK. Binocular vision and ocular motility. Theory and Management of Strabismus. 1996.
Baker DH, Meese TS, Hess RF. Contrast masking in strabismic amblyopia: attenuation, noise, interocular suppression and binocular summation. Vision Res. 2008 Jul;48(15):1625-40. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2008.04.017. Epub 2008 Jun 10.
Holopigian K, Blake R, Greenwald MJ. Clinical suppression and amblyopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1988 Mar;29(3):444-51.
Li J, Thompson B, Lam CS, Deng D, Chan LY, Maehara G, Woo GC, Yu M, Hess RF. The role of suppression in amblyopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Jun 13;52(7):4169-76. doi: 10.1167/iovs.11-7233.
Zhou J, Huang PC, Hess RF. Interocular suppression in amblyopia for global orientation processing. J Vis. 2013 Apr 22;13(5):19. doi: 10.1167/13.5.19.
Xu JP, He ZJ, Ooi TL. Effectively reducing sensory eye dominance with a push-pull perceptual learning protocol. Curr Biol. 2010 Oct 26;20(20):1864-8. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.09.043. Epub 2010 Oct 14.
Ooi TL, Su YR, Natale DM, He ZJ. A push-pull treatment for strengthening the 'lazy eye' in amblyopia. Curr Biol. 2013 Apr 22;23(8):R309-10. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.03.004.
Zhou Y, Guo S, Ling L, Gao Y, Duan X, Liu Y, Liu R, Liu H, Wang H, Lin J, Zhao C, Zhang P, Wen W. Efficacy and safety of augmented-reality pathway-specific binocular training in patients with unilateral amblyopia (ARPSBT): study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2025 Jul 1;26(1):232. doi: 10.1186/s13063-025-08927-2.
Other Identifiers
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2024-ARTA
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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