Virtual Reality Exposure for Socially Anxious Adolescents

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

RECRUITING

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

120 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2024-03-27

Study Completion Date

2026-06-30

Brief Summary

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Overall in this project, the primary goal is to evaluate the efficacy of virtual reality exposure (VRE) for adolescents with elevated social anxiety using a three-arm randomized controlled trial: (1) virtual reality exposure (VRE); (2) in vivo exposure (IVE); and (3) waitlist (WL) - the control condition.

It is predicted that both VRE and IVE will be more successful in decreasing social anxiety symptoms than the WL condition at post-assessment and that VRE will be as effective as in vivo in reducing social anxiety symptoms. Furthermore, it is expected that there will be no difference between the two active conditions in the long term (at 3- months \& 6-months follow up). Similar results are expected in the secondary outcome measures, intended to capture the participants' general well-being.

Moreover, the study has the following (secondary) objectives:

* To elucidate potential working mechanisms of VRE and IVE
* To identify predictors of adolescents' response to VRE and IVE
* To assess to what extent adolescents accept VRE and IVE and how they experience it

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Detailed Description

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This study is going to be a single-blinded, randomized controlled trial (RCT) with three arms: VRE, IVE, and a WL condition. It will follow a mixed-subjects design with condition as a between factor and measurement time-points as a within factor. Due to the study's goal to unravel the effects of VRE, the focus of the intervention will be on exposure in both active conditions (without explicitly including other treatment components like cognitive restructuring). The intervention will take place either at participants' schools or at KU Leuven (i.e., PraxisP - the outpatient treatment facility of the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, PSI - Psychological Institute) depending on the participants' preference and availability. In case this is not possible, neighboring healthcare practices will be explored as an alternative option. In any case, the training will be held in a separate, private room where the privacy of the participant can be guaranteed. Each active condition will comprise of 7 training sessions in total approximately 90 minutes each.

At pre-assessment, all primary and secondary outcome measures and most of the predictors will be assessed approximately one week prior to the first session. The outcome measures will be re-assessed during the post-assessment (one week after the last session) and the follow up assessments (3-months \& 6-months following the post assessment). During the training sessions, measurements of the mechanisms, remaining predictors, and participant feedback will be acquired and at mid-assessment an additional measurement of the primary outcome measures (e.g., social anxiety measures) will be obtained. Moreover, a brief social anxiety measure will also be conducted on a weekly basis to record symptom-related changes from session to session. Following the training, a qualitative interview will be conducted. This semi-structured interview will be conducted in a convenience sample of participants from both active conditions (e.g., 10-16 participants per condition due to pragmatic considerations and based on general recommendations as to when theoretical data saturation can be reached) to investigate VRE's acceptability and to compare it to IVE. To decrease demand effects, the (online) interview will be conducted by an independent interviewer (e.g., not the therapist) and will be audio-taped so that the interviewer can focus solely on the interaction.

Moreover, in line with good clinical practice and individualized treatment, the specific nature and content of the exposure exercises will be determined for each participant individually by presenting them with an extensive list of the possible exercises (e.g., ordering food in a restaurant, asking a question in class, engaging in a group conversation) in combination with a functional analysis. To ensure that the active conditions are comparable, the IVE condition will be matched to the VRE condition in terms of exposure duration and homework assignments will not be actively encouraged in both conditions. The crucial difference between the two active conditions is that in the IVE condition the exercises take place in real life, whereas in VRE the exercises take place in virtual reality. For the WL condition, the (primary and secondary) outcome measures will be administered before, during, and after the given waiting period (i.e., duration of training sessions) at the same instances as with the active conditions. After that time, participants in the WL condition will have the opportunity to be randomized into IVE and VRE.

Conditions

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Social Anxiety

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

PARALLEL

Participants will be randomly assigned to one of the three conditions and will remain in that condition throughout the training sessions.

Primary Study Purpose

TREATMENT

Blinding Strategy

SINGLE

Outcome Assessors

All pre-assessments and post-assessment will be conducted by researchers who will be blind to the participants' allocated condition.

Study Groups

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Virtual reality exposure (VRE)

Participants in the VRE condition will be exposed to various VR-based one-on-one and group social interactions which tend to elicit anxiety. That is, commonly feared situations and events (e.g., raising your hand in class, saying no to a friend, ordering food at a restaurant, calling a classmate to invite them to hang out) will be recreated in the virtual environments. Exercises will be tailored to the participant and provided by clinical psychologists under supervision of experienced CBT therapists (and supervisors). To deliver VRE we will utilize a dynamic and interactive VR-software called 'Social Worlds' developed by CleVR. It has various functions and capabilities (e.g., role-playing, walking around, change of perspective, alteration of dialogue style, number of avatars present in the virtual environment) which enables individualized exposure.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

(Virtual reality) exposure

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Exposure in virtual reality involves the confrontation with fear-evoking situations which are generated by a computer using VR technology.

In vivo exposure (IVE)

Similarly to VRE, participants in the IVE condition will be exposed to various one-on-one and group social interactions which tend to elicit anxiety, but they will do so in real-life. The exposure exercises here also will be determined in consultation with the participant. Depending on the given exposure exercise, exposure will either take place at the training location or in its neighborhood (e.g., nearby supermarkets, subway stations, cafes, buses). Exercises will be tailored to the participant and provided by clinical psychologists under supervision of experienced CBT therapists (and supervisors). Importantly, participants will undergo the same amount of exposure sessions as in the VRE condition (to keep exposure time constant).

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

In vivo exposure

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Exposure in vivo involves the confrontation with fear-evoking situations in real life.

Waitlist

The participants in the WL condition will complete the assessments at the same time points as in the active conditions but will not receive any of the sessions until post-assessment has been completed. Then they will be randomly assigned to one of the two active conditions (VRE or IVE).

Group Type NO_INTERVENTION

No interventions assigned to this group

Interventions

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In vivo exposure

Exposure in vivo involves the confrontation with fear-evoking situations in real life.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

(Virtual reality) exposure

Exposure in virtual reality involves the confrontation with fear-evoking situations which are generated by a computer using VR technology.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* Elevated levels of social anxiety (as per the Social Phobia Inventory; ≥ 19)
* Fluent in Dutch
* 12-16 years old

Exclusion

* Severe social anxiety disorder
* Severe depression
* Psychotic symptoms
* Severe suicidal thoughts and / or severe self-harm
* Severe substance use
* Benzodiazepine use and / or a change of psychoactive medication usage (dose, type)
* Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis
* Current ongoing psychological treatment (or waitlisted) for anxiety disorders and or depression
* Other urgent psychopathologies and/or mismatch between participants' clinical presentation and the offered training
* Exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder in the past 2 years
* Another person from the same household is participating in the study
* Eligible for VR as per the following criteria:
* History of extreme/severe motion sickness (e.g., car sick, sea-sick) and / or experiencing extreme/severe symptoms of motion sickness during 3D movies
* Stereoscopic vision problem or a balance problem that would hinder the VR experience;
* History of seizures, seizure disorder or epilepsy

Minimum Eligible Age

12 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

16 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No