From the Heart: Comparing the Effects of Spiritual and Secular Meditation on Psychophysiology, Cognition, Mental Health, and Social Functioning in Healthy Adults

NCT ID: NCT06136676

Last Updated: 2024-08-22

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: RECRUITING
• Clinical Phase: NA
• Total Enrollment: 288 participants
• Study Classification: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2024-06-06
• Study Completion Date: 2025-12-31

Brief Summary

The purpose of this study is to investigate and compare the effects of Christian and Islamic heart-centred spiritual meditation to mindfulness meditation and waitlist control conditions, respectively, in healthy adults. The potential effects will be studied at multiple levels, with a focus on psychophysiology, cognition, mental health, and social functioning.

Detailed Description

Background

Secular forms of meditation have been widely accepted as an effective tool to promote well-being and as therapeutic strategies. The popularity of such practices, most notably mindfulness meditation, can be attributed to the substantial body of research on their beneficial effects in the past few decades. While these practices are loosely based on Eastern traditions, and actively reduce emotional reactivity, some Western spiritual meditations have retained their God-centred focus and aim to elicit strong emotions. The current study aims to examine the effects of heart-centred contemplation based on Christian and Islamic traditions on mental, physical, cognitive, and social well-being, compare the outcomes of these exercises to mindfulness meditation, and investigate the external correlates of the outcomes.

Aims

The present study aims to recruit healthy adults to investigate and compare the effects of Christian and Islamic heart-centred spiritual meditation to mindfulness meditation (Mindfulness-based stress reduction; MBSR) and waitlist control, respectively. The potential effects will be examined using measures from multiple domains, with a focus on psychophysiology, cognition, mental health, and social functioning. Additionally, the study aims to examine the possible external correlates of the outcomes by testing perspective-taking, affect, religiosity, spiritual experiences, closeness to God, closeness to the offender, and credibility/expectancies about the spiritual meditation program. The study seeks to understand the impact of different types of meditation practices on the well-being of individuals.

Participants

This study will apply a mixed method repeated measures design to examine a three-arm stratified randomised control trial with healthy samples of Christians and Muslims in multiple testing centres in India. Assessments will be conducted at three time points: pre-intervention (T1), after intervention (T2), and at a 3-month follow-up (T3). Eligible participants will be first stratified into Christian and Islamic samples and then randomly allocated to one of the three conditions: religious contemplation (either Christian or Islamic spiritual meditation based on their religions), mindfulness meditation, or waitlist control.

Administration of intervention

The intervention will consist of an 8-week app-based program, including approximately 20-minute daily audio-guided instructions of either one of the spiritual meditations or mindfulness meditation. Participants from the waitlist control will not receive any intervention, but they will be given access to Christian or Islamic meditation app after the experiment is completed.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures consist of domains related to interpersonal functioning, physiology, attention, mental health, spirituality.

Primary outcomes will be the interpersonal functioning domain including measures of prosociality, forgiveness, empathy, and perspective taking.

Secondary outcomes include domains concerning physiology, attention, and mental health. Physiology domain encompasses pain tolerance, pain intensity, stress reactivity (heart rate and heart rate variability), psychophysiological reactivity associated with forgiveness (heart rate and heart rate variability). Attention domain includes measures of alerting attention, orienting attention, and executive attention networks. Mental health domain involves self-reported stress, depression, anxiety, subjective well-being, and positive and negative affect.

Conditions

Prosocial Behavior; Forgiveness; Empathy; Pain; Attention; Depression; Stress; Anxiety; Mental Well-being

Study Design

• Allocation Method: RANDOMIZED
• Intervention Model: PARALLEL
• Primary Study Purpose: BASIC_SCIENCE
• Blinding Strategy: SINGLE

Study Groups

Heart-centred spiritual meditation

Intervention 1: Christian contemplation and Intervention 2: Islamic contemplation

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Arm 1 - Heart-Centred Spiritual Meditation: Christian contemplation

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Participants assigned to this condition will receive daily audio instructions of approximately 20 minutes daily over the course of 8 weeks focused on Christian contemplation delivered through a mobile app. The intervention will consist of a core contemplative practice focused on heart visualisation based on Christian tradition and prayer recitation with breathing to focus their attention on and connection to God.

Arm 1 - Heart-Centred Spiritual Meditation: Islamic contemplation

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Participants assigned to this condition will receive daily audio instructions of approximately 20 minutes daily over the course of 8 weeks, focused on Islamic contemplation delivered through a mobile app. The intervention will consist of a core contemplative practice focused on heart visualisation based on Islamic tradition and prayer recitation with breathing to focus attention on and connection to God.

Mindfulness Meditation (MBRS)

Intervention 3: Mindfulness Meditation (MBRS)

Group Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Arm 2 - Action Control: Mindfulness Meditation

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Participants assigned to this condition will receive daily audio instructions of approximately 20 minutes daily over the course of 8 week, focused on mindfulness meditation delivered through a mobile app. The intervention will consist of the mindfulness-based stress reduction program which emphasizes focused attention on breathing and sensations as well as the practice of non-judgemental acceptance of the present experience.

Waitlist control

No Intervention: Participants in this condition will not receive any intervention and the outcome measures will be only collected at time points T1 and T2. After T2 testing, they will be given access to either the Christian or Islamic intervention.

Group Type: NO_INTERVENTION

No interventions assigned to this group

Interventions

Arm 1 - Heart-Centred Spiritual Meditation: Christian contemplation

Participants assigned to this condition will receive daily audio instructions of approximately 20 minutes daily over the course of 8 weeks focused on Christian contemplation delivered through a mobile app. The intervention will consist of a core contemplative practice focused on heart visualisation based on Christian tradition and prayer recitation with breathing to focus their attention on and connection to God.

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Arm 1 - Heart-Centred Spiritual Meditation: Islamic contemplation

Participants assigned to this condition will receive daily audio instructions of approximately 20 minutes daily over the course of 8 weeks, focused on Islamic contemplation delivered through a mobile app. The intervention will consist of a core contemplative practice focused on heart visualisation based on Islamic tradition and prayer recitation with breathing to focus attention on and connection to God.

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Arm 2 - Action Control: Mindfulness Meditation

Participants assigned to this condition will receive daily audio instructions of approximately 20 minutes daily over the course of 8 week, focused on mindfulness meditation delivered through a mobile app. The intervention will consist of the mindfulness-based stress reduction program which emphasizes focused attention on breathing and sensations as well as the practice of non-judgemental acceptance of the present experience.

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

• 18 to 60 years old
• able to read, speak and understand English
• willing to be randomly assigned to all the conditions, with religious affiliation restricting allocation to either the Christian or Islamic type of spiritual meditation conditions
• consider oneself to be a Christian or Muslim and pray at least weekly

Exclusion Criteria

• currently suffer from any mental health conditions or use medication to manage mental health conditions
• long-term serious physical medical problems, such as liver, brain, kidney, or other life-threatening chronic diseases
• a history of a heart condition, high blood pressure, Raynaud syndrome, diabetes, or musculoskeletal condition
• the current use of anxiolytics/mood stabilizers.

• Minimum Eligible Age: 18 Years
• Maximum Eligible Age: 60 Years
• Eligible Sex: ALL
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Sponsors

Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging

OTHER

Sponsor Role: collaborator

Kuriakose Elias College Mannanam

UNKNOWN

Sponsor Role: collaborator

Little Flower Institute of Social Sciences and Health (LISSAH) College

UNKNOWN

Sponsor Role: collaborator

Coventry University

OTHER

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

Miguel Farias

Associate Professor

Responsibility Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Locations

Little Flower Institute of Social Sciences and Health (LISSAH) college

Calicut, Kerala, India

Site Status: NOT_YET_RECRUITING

Kuriakose Elias College Mannanam

Kottayam, Kerala, India

Site Status: RECRUITING

Countries

India

Central Contacts

Chung Fei Ng

Role: CONTACT

fei0929@gmail.com

4407598137034

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Other Identifiers

0595

Identifier Type: OTHER_GRANT

Identifier Source: secondary_id

TWCF0595

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id