Can (Optical Coherence Tomography) Pictures of the Retina Detect Alzheimer's Disease at Its Earliest Stages?

NCT ID: NCT06023446

Last Updated: 2025-12-05

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION
• Total Enrollment: 100 participants
• Study Classification: OBSERVATIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2023-09-29
• Study Completion Date: 2028-02-28

Brief Summary

Years before someone experiences the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, a compound called amyloid beta (Aβ) builds up in the brain. Excess Aβ - directly or indirectly - causes many of the symptoms of Alzheimer's dementia. However, recent studies of the FDA-approved drugs lecanemab (Leqembi®) and aducanumab (Aduhelm®) indicate that removing Aβ from the brain doesn't stop Alzheimer's. Clearly, there are other problems that need to be fixed. The investigators are interested in the cause of Aβ buildup.

Non-neuronal support cells, called glia, keep neurons healthy by regulating water and nutrient levels for the neurons. They also help clear Aβ away from neurons. Maybe Aβ builds up when glia are unhealthy.

Glia are very hard to study in the brain. Luckily, the light-sensing part of the eye - the retina - is an extension of the brain. The investigators study glia in the retina to learn about glia in the brain.

To study retinal glia, the investigators take pictures of the retina with optical coherence tomography (OCT). OCT is safe, painless, and is used in many eye clinics to look at the structure of the retina. When the investigators take OCT pictures under a bright light, and compare those to OCT pictures collected in darkness, it gives the investigators information about glial function. In a study published in 2020 ("Optical coherence tomography reveals light-dependent retinal responses in Alzheimer's disease") the investigators showed that this functional OCT measurement was different in people with Alzheimer's dementia, compared to age-matched healthy adults.

The goal of this observational study is to compare people at a pre-dementia stage of Alzheimer's disease to people who do not have any signs at all of Alzheimer's disease. By "pre-dementia stage", the investigators mean people who are either cognitively normal, or have mild cognitive impairment, but have had a medical test that shows the chemical beginnings of Alzheimer's disease. Members of the comparison group will also be cognitively normal, or have mild cognitive impairment, but had a medical test that shows utterly no signs of Alzheimer's disease.

The main question this study, is whether functional OCT can tell these two groups apart. If so, that would:

• Help build the case for glial health being important in the earliest stages of Alzheimer's, which in turn could lead to new treatment strategies, and
• Suggest that functional OCT might be used as an early (pre-dementia) screening test for Alzheimer's disease

Participants will:

• undergo a brief eye exam (the investigators will not dilate pupils for this study)
• undergo a paper-and-pencil cognitive test (to help verify "normal" or "mild cognitive impairment" status)
• take brief one-page survey to collect demographic information (like age)
• permit limited access to pre-existing medical or research records (to verify the presence/absence of the chemical beginnings of Alzheimer's disease)
• take several OCT pictures of both eyes, in light and after 2 minutes of darkness (several rounds of images are taken)

The expectation is that all study procedures will fit within 2 hours of one day.

Conditions

Alzheimer Disease; Mild Cognitive Impairment

Study Design

• Observational Model Type: CASE_CONTROL
• Study Time Perspective: CROSS_SECTIONAL

Study Groups

Pre-Dementia Alzheimer's

By clinical assessment, these participants will either be cognitively normal, or have mild cognitive impairment. They will enter the study having already completed some biomarker testing for Alzheimer's disease (e.g., amyloid PET, cerebrospinal fluid measurement amyloid and tau). In this group, the biomarker testing is positive/abnormal, indicating a pre-dementia stage of Alzheimer's disease. In the language of the 2018 NIA-AA Research Framework, these participants have A+ in their AT(N) biomarker profile, and are at clinical stage 1-3.

Optical Coherence Tomography

Intervention Type: DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

The retina is imaged using infrared light. Images collected in light are compared to those collected in darkness to extract information about function.

No Evidence of Alzheimer's

By clinical assessment, these participants will either be cognitively normal, or have mild cognitive impairment. They will enter the study having already completed some biomarker testing for Alzheimer's disease (e.g., amyloid PET, cerebrospinal fluid measurement amyloid and tau). In this group, the biomarker testing is negative/normal. In the language of the 2018 NIA-AA Research Framework, these participants have A- in their AT(N) biomarker profile, and are at clinical stage 1-3.

Optical Coherence Tomography

Intervention Type: DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

The retina is imaged using infrared light. Images collected in light are compared to those collected in darkness to extract information about function.

Interventions

Optical Coherence Tomography

The retina is imaged using infrared light. Images collected in light are compared to those collected in darkness to extract information about function.

Intervention Type: DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

• By clinician (or prior research) assessment, known to either be cognitively normal, or have mild cognitive impairment
• Known Alzheimer's biomarker status. As of 2023-JUL, this must either be an amyloid PET scan, or cerebrospinal fluid measurement of amyloid and tau levels.
• NOTE: Although this is a study of the eyes, age-typical ocular/vision complaints are permissible, so long as the the retina is thought to be healthy. This list of acceptable conditions includes most people who:

• wear glasses
• wear contacts
• use over-the-counter eye drops
• have mild cataracts (no surgery scheduled)
• had cataracts removed
• had eye muscle surgery (e.g., to correct eye misalignment)
• had eyelid surgery (blepharoplasty)
• are monitored by an ophthalmologist in case a problem with the retina develops (this is sometimes suggested for people with diabetes), but one or both retinas is/are thought to be completely healthy

Exclusion Criteria

• Pregnant women
• Prisoners
• Known *for both eyes* to have ocular health or vision abnormalities that are not age-typical. The list of unacceptable conditions includes most people who:

• have a special corrective lens (glasses or contact lens) prescription with a sphere greater than seven
• currently use prescription eye drops (e.g., for glaucoma)
• have/had prior surgical treatment for a retinal problem (e.g., retinal detachment that required surgery)
• have/had eye injections for age-related macular degeneration

• Minimum Eligible Age: 50 Years
• Maximum Eligible Age: 89 Years
• Eligible Sex: ALL
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Sponsors

National Institute on Aging (NIA)

NIH

Sponsor Role: collaborator

University of California, Davis

OTHER

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

Responsibility Role: SPONSOR

Locations

University of California - Davis

Sacramento, California, United States

Countries

United States

References

Bissig D, Zhou CG, Le V, Bernard JT. Optical coherence tomography reveals light-dependent retinal responses in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroimage. 2020 Oct 1;219:117022. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117022. Epub 2020 Jun 5.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 32512126 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

K08AG080178

Identifier Type: NIH

Identifier Source: secondary_id

View Link

1647468

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id