Study Results
Results available
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View full resultsBasic Information
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Recruitment Status
COMPLETED
Clinical Phase
NA
Total Enrollment
100 participants
Study Classification
INTERVENTIONAL
Study Start Date
2014-11-30
Study Completion Date
2016-06-30
Brief Summary
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Children who are critically ill often require large amounts of fluid during their acute illness. It has been shown in multiple studies that appropriate administration of fluid decreases morbidity and mortality, but giving too much fluid can also cause increased morbidity and mortality. It is often difficult to discern from physical exam, vital signs and labs if the amount of fluid that has been given is appropriate or if a pediatric patient requires more fluid. Pulse pressure variation (PPV) is the change in blood pressure when a patient is on a ventilator or breathing machine. PPV has been used in multiple adult studies to help predict fluid needs in a critically ill patient. In this study, we would like to investigate if PPV can help better predict if critically ill pediatric patients in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) need fluid. The investigators hope that by having the additional information that PPV can provide, physicians can more judiciously give fluid and thereby improve morbidity of critically ill patients in the PICU.
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Detailed Description
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In pediatric critical care, it is difficult to discern a patient's intravascular fluid status (hypovolemia, hypervolemia, euvolemia). Often, pediatric sepsis patients exhibit profound hypovolemia and early aggressive fluid resuscitation has been shown to decrease mortality (1,2). Within the first 48 hours of presentation, pediatric patients with sepsis can have profound changes in physiology with changes in cardiac function and systemic vascular resistance which can make it difficult to discern whether continued fluid resuscitation or the addition of vasopressor support is needed (1,2). Similar physiology can also be seen in other patients with systemic inflammatory response such as postoperative cardiac patients and general pediatric post-surgical patients. While appropriate fluid resuscitation is needed, it has been shown that fluid overload does increase mortality (3-5). Clinicians often use clinical exam, vital signs, urine output and central venous pressure (CVP) as guides for need of fluid resuscitation, but static measures such as central venous pressure, pulmonary wedge pressure, and clinical exam have not been shown to be strong predictors of fluid responsiveness and cardiac output in patients (6-8). A more accurate way to discern fluid status and heart function is through measurement of cardiac output, but in order to calculate cardiac output, additional tests such as an echocardiogram is needed or additional invasive monitoring using thermodilution such as a continuous cardiac output monitor is needed (7,8).
In the last 30 years, dynamic changes in arterial pressure during the respiratory cycle have been described, where there is a decrease in cardiac preload during time of inspiration of a positive pressure breath followed by an increase in cardiac preload during the expiration of a positive pressure breath 9,10. Using this change in arterial pressure, information about cardiac preload or volume status can be inferred. The most common forms of dynamic pressure monitoring that are used are systolic pressure variation and pulse pressure variation.
Several adult studies have shown that systolic pressure variation (SPV) and pulse pressure variation (PPV) more accurately predict fluid response (defined in majority of studies as increase stroke volume index or cardiac index/output \>15% after receiving a fluid bolus) in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients compared to static measures, such as CVP (2,10-24). PPV has also been shown to be predictive of fluid responsiveness in many patients with many different pathologies including intraoperative patients, postoperative cardiac bypass patients, patients in septic shock and patients with acute lung injury requiring lower tidal volumes (11,13-15,17-23,25). PPV has also been validated as a helpful and accurate guide for fluid responsiveness in clinical scenarios requiring vasopressors (12,26). Lopes et al demonstrated not only that PPV accurately predicts fluid response, but by using PPV directed fluid resuscitation in the operating room, patients had better postoperative outcomes as defined by decreased ventilator time (1 vs 5 days, P\<0.05), and decreased length of hospital stay (7 vs 17 days, P\< 0.1) (22).
There are very few studies evaluating pulse pressure variation in the pediatric patient population and results have been mixed. Similar to the adult studies, these studies evaluated dynamic parameters, including SPV and/or PPV, by comparing changes in dynamic parameters to changes seen in stroke volume index calculated by continuous cardiac index monitoring or echocardiogram. Fluid boluses were given and if the SPV or PPV decreased as the stroke volume index increased, then these dynamic parameters were proven to be predictive of fluid responsiveness. Some studies showed that PPV or SPV were not reliable predictors of fluid responsiveness (27-29). In contrast, a study in infants and neonates undergoing congenital heart surgery (ventricular septal defect and atrial septal defect repairs) illustrated that PPV was predictive of fluid response both before and after repair of the cardiac lesion (30). This study was particularly interesting since PPV was able to predict fluid response in two different physiologic states, with and without an intracardiac shunt (30). Two other pediatric studies also demonstrated that dynamic parameters were predictive of fluid response (31,32). There have been no pediatric studies thus far that have investigated if dynamic variable (PPV or SPV) guided fluid resuscitation improves patient outcomes.
Dynamic pressure monitoring, including PPV and SPV, is considered standard of care within the adult anesthesia setting and is currently being used in the adult operating rooms at University of North Carolina Hospitals. Most of the monitors within the hospital are equipped to measure PPV, including the monitors in the PICU. Several PICU attendings and fellows are familiar with PPV and have been using it as an aid in fluid management over the last couple of months. The investigator's hope is that with the use of PPV that physicians will be better able to gauge a patient's intravascular status and judiciously give fluid leading to appropriate fluid management and better patient outcomes in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU).
Hypothesis: Using pulse pressure variation will reduce the amount of fluid in the first 48 hours of acute illness (first 48 hours after placement of arterial line and intubation on conventional mechanical ventilation) by 30%. Appropriate fluid management will reduce the amount of time on the ventilator, the number of days in the PICU, and time on vasopressors.
Methods:
Patient Population and Recruitment: All patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit will be screened for recruitment for study by pediatric critical care attending or fellow. Patients that require standard mechanical ventilation and arterial line will be eligible for the study. Study will include 75 patients admitted to the PICU that require an arterial line and conventional mechanical ventilation that will be prospectively followed. There will be 75 matched, historic patients that will be used for controls. The investigators do not expect any difficulty enrolling 75 patients to the study as there were 1069 patients admitted to the PICU in the last year (July 2013 to July 2014).
Study Procedure: Prior to any accrual of patients, all nurses in the PICU and all PICU physicians (attendings and fellows) will have formal education and training on use of PPV and the study protocol. In addition, all physicians will have consent training. All patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit who are mechanically ventilated on conventional ventilator settings with arterial line will be eligible for the study. Primary investigator (during the day) or physician on call in the PICU (during the night) will obtain consent if patient is eligible for the study. The bedside physician (co-investigator) will give fluid as needed based on standard clinical data (heart rate, central venous pressure if available, blood pressure, urine output, physical exam, lactate level) and pulse pressure variation. Boluses of 5 cc/kg will be given so as to give fluid incrementally. Pulse pressure variation value before fluid bolus and after fluid bolus will be recorded in the electronic medical record. Pulse pressure variation will be followed for 48 hours. Pulse pressure variation, central venous pressure, total fluid for PICU stay, total fluid during 48 hours while on the PPV protocol (cc/kg/day), days mechanically ventilated, hours on vasopressors, any echocardiograms, age, weight at admission, daily weights, sex, diagnosis will be recorded in the patient's medical record. All data will be collected from patient's record by the primary investigator.
Data Analysis: Continuous baseline variables will have descriptions with means and standard deviations, and categorical baseline variables will be described with frequency distributions. A two-sided t-test and corresponding confidence interval will be used to compare matched historic controls to prospectively recruited test group subjects for total amount of fluid in 48 hours (cc/kg/day). Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests for time-to-event data will be applied to time on ventilator (days), time in the PICU (days), and time on vasopressors (hours), together with Kaplan-Meyer curves for descriptive purposes.
In the last 30 years, dynamic changes in arterial pressure during the respiratory cycle have been described, where there is a decrease in cardiac preload during time of inspiration of a positive pressure breath followed by an increase in cardiac preload during the expiration of a positive pressure breath 9,10. Using this change in arterial pressure, information about cardiac preload or volume status can be inferred. The most common forms of dynamic pressure monitoring that are used are systolic pressure variation and pulse pressure variation.
Several adult studies have shown that systolic pressure variation (SPV) and pulse pressure variation (PPV) more accurately predict fluid response (defined in majority of studies as increase stroke volume index or cardiac index/output \>15% after receiving a fluid bolus) in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients compared to static measures, such as CVP (2,10-24). PPV has also been shown to be predictive of fluid responsiveness in many patients with many different pathologies including intraoperative patients, postoperative cardiac bypass patients, patients in septic shock and patients with acute lung injury requiring lower tidal volumes (11,13-15,17-23,25). PPV has also been validated as a helpful and accurate guide for fluid responsiveness in clinical scenarios requiring vasopressors (12,26). Lopes et al demonstrated not only that PPV accurately predicts fluid response, but by using PPV directed fluid resuscitation in the operating room, patients had better postoperative outcomes as defined by decreased ventilator time (1 vs 5 days, P\<0.05), and decreased length of hospital stay (7 vs 17 days, P\< 0.1) (22).
There are very few studies evaluating pulse pressure variation in the pediatric patient population and results have been mixed. Similar to the adult studies, these studies evaluated dynamic parameters, including SPV and/or PPV, by comparing changes in dynamic parameters to changes seen in stroke volume index calculated by continuous cardiac index monitoring or echocardiogram. Fluid boluses were given and if the SPV or PPV decreased as the stroke volume index increased, then these dynamic parameters were proven to be predictive of fluid responsiveness. Some studies showed that PPV or SPV were not reliable predictors of fluid responsiveness (27-29). In contrast, a study in infants and neonates undergoing congenital heart surgery (ventricular septal defect and atrial septal defect repairs) illustrated that PPV was predictive of fluid response both before and after repair of the cardiac lesion (30). This study was particularly interesting since PPV was able to predict fluid response in two different physiologic states, with and without an intracardiac shunt (30). Two other pediatric studies also demonstrated that dynamic parameters were predictive of fluid response (31,32). There have been no pediatric studies thus far that have investigated if dynamic variable (PPV or SPV) guided fluid resuscitation improves patient outcomes.
Dynamic pressure monitoring, including PPV and SPV, is considered standard of care within the adult anesthesia setting and is currently being used in the adult operating rooms at University of North Carolina Hospitals. Most of the monitors within the hospital are equipped to measure PPV, including the monitors in the PICU. Several PICU attendings and fellows are familiar with PPV and have been using it as an aid in fluid management over the last couple of months. The investigator's hope is that with the use of PPV that physicians will be better able to gauge a patient's intravascular status and judiciously give fluid leading to appropriate fluid management and better patient outcomes in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU).
Hypothesis: Using pulse pressure variation will reduce the amount of fluid in the first 48 hours of acute illness (first 48 hours after placement of arterial line and intubation on conventional mechanical ventilation) by 30%. Appropriate fluid management will reduce the amount of time on the ventilator, the number of days in the PICU, and time on vasopressors.
Methods:
Patient Population and Recruitment: All patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit will be screened for recruitment for study by pediatric critical care attending or fellow. Patients that require standard mechanical ventilation and arterial line will be eligible for the study. Study will include 75 patients admitted to the PICU that require an arterial line and conventional mechanical ventilation that will be prospectively followed. There will be 75 matched, historic patients that will be used for controls. The investigators do not expect any difficulty enrolling 75 patients to the study as there were 1069 patients admitted to the PICU in the last year (July 2013 to July 2014).
Study Procedure: Prior to any accrual of patients, all nurses in the PICU and all PICU physicians (attendings and fellows) will have formal education and training on use of PPV and the study protocol. In addition, all physicians will have consent training. All patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit who are mechanically ventilated on conventional ventilator settings with arterial line will be eligible for the study. Primary investigator (during the day) or physician on call in the PICU (during the night) will obtain consent if patient is eligible for the study. The bedside physician (co-investigator) will give fluid as needed based on standard clinical data (heart rate, central venous pressure if available, blood pressure, urine output, physical exam, lactate level) and pulse pressure variation. Boluses of 5 cc/kg will be given so as to give fluid incrementally. Pulse pressure variation value before fluid bolus and after fluid bolus will be recorded in the electronic medical record. Pulse pressure variation will be followed for 48 hours. Pulse pressure variation, central venous pressure, total fluid for PICU stay, total fluid during 48 hours while on the PPV protocol (cc/kg/day), days mechanically ventilated, hours on vasopressors, any echocardiograms, age, weight at admission, daily weights, sex, diagnosis will be recorded in the patient's medical record. All data will be collected from patient's record by the primary investigator.
Data Analysis: Continuous baseline variables will have descriptions with means and standard deviations, and categorical baseline variables will be described with frequency distributions. A two-sided t-test and corresponding confidence interval will be used to compare matched historic controls to prospectively recruited test group subjects for total amount of fluid in 48 hours (cc/kg/day). Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests for time-to-event data will be applied to time on ventilator (days), time in the PICU (days), and time on vasopressors (hours), together with Kaplan-Meyer curves for descriptive purposes.
Conditions
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Sepsis
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
Study Design
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Allocation Method
NON_RANDOMIZED
Intervention Model
PARALLEL
Primary Study Purpose
DIAGNOSTIC
Blinding Strategy
NONE
Study Groups
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Prospective
Patients in this arm will have fluid given based on standard clinical data (blood pressure, heart rate, lactate level, urine output) in addition to information provided by automated pulse pressure variation (PPV). PPV will be followed for first 48 hours after recruitment to the study. Fluid (normal saline, albumin 5%, hetastarch per the clinician preference) will be given in 5cc/kg increments for PPV\> 13 (in addition to standard clinical data) until PPV \< 13.
Group Type
EXPERIMENTAL
Automated Pulse Pressure Variation
Intervention Type
DEVICE
Based on standard of care, the physician will give fluid as needed based on standard clinical data (heart rate, central venous pressure if available, blood pressure, urine output, physical exam, lactate level) and pulse pressure variation. PPV should be elevated consistently greater than 15 minutes before giving fluid without other symptoms of patient instability (low blood pressure, elevated lactate, tachycardia). Pulse pressure variation will be followed for 48 hours.
Retrospective
Patients in this arm were previously admitted to the PICU and were given fluid based on standard clinical data. PPV was not used to guide therapy in this group of patients.
Group Type
NO_INTERVENTION
No interventions assigned to this group
Interventions
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Automated Pulse Pressure Variation
Based on standard of care, the physician will give fluid as needed based on standard clinical data (heart rate, central venous pressure if available, blood pressure, urine output, physical exam, lactate level) and pulse pressure variation. PPV should be elevated consistently greater than 15 minutes before giving fluid without other symptoms of patient instability (low blood pressure, elevated lactate, tachycardia). Pulse pressure variation will be followed for 48 hours.
Intervention Type
DEVICE
Other Intervention Names
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Realtime automated pulse pressure variation algorithm
Philips MX800 monitor
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
1. Admission to the University of North Carolina pediatric critical care unit, includes all patients admitted to the pediatric critical care service as well as all post-operative patients.
2. No limitations for age or gender.
3. Patient requires standard mechanical ventilation.
4. Patient has an arterial line in place.
2. No limitations for age or gender.
3. Patient requires standard mechanical ventilation.
4. Patient has an arterial line in place.
Exclusion Criteria
1. Patient not mechanically ventilated.
2. Patient does not have arterial line placed.
3. Patient requires extracorporeal life support.
4. Patient requires placement on high frequency oscillatory ventilation.
5. Pulse pressure variation unable to be obtained on monitor.
6. Patient has open chest.
7. Patient has arrhythmias.
2. Patient does not have arterial line placed.
3. Patient requires extracorporeal life support.
4. Patient requires placement on high frequency oscillatory ventilation.
5. Pulse pressure variation unable to be obtained on monitor.
6. Patient has open chest.
7. Patient has arrhythmias.
Maximum Eligible Age
17 Years
Eligible Sex
ALL
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
No
Sponsors
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University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
OTHER
Sponsor Role
lead
Responsible Party
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Responsibility Role
SPONSOR
Principal Investigators
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Melissa R Hines, MD
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
University of North Carolina
Umesh Joashi, MD
Role: STUDY_DIRECTOR
University of North Carolina
Locations
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University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
Site Status
Countries
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United States
References
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BACKGROUND
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Derichard A, Robin E, Tavernier B, Costecalde M, Fleyfel M, Onimus J, Lebuffe G, Chambon JP, Vallet B. Automated pulse pressure and stroke volume variations from radial artery: evaluation during major abdominal surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2009 Nov;103(5):678-84. doi: 10.1093/bja/aep267. Epub 2009 Sep 29.
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Kramer A, Zygun D, Hawes H, Easton P, Ferland A. Pulse pressure variation predicts fluid responsiveness following coronary artery bypass surgery. Chest. 2004 Nov;126(5):1563-8. doi: 10.1378/chest.126.5.1563.
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Michard F, Boussat S, Chemla D, Anguel N, Mercat A, Lecarpentier Y, Richard C, Pinsky MR, Teboul JL. Relation between respiratory changes in arterial pulse pressure and fluid responsiveness in septic patients with acute circulatory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Jul;162(1):134-8. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.162.1.9903035.
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Byon HJ, Lim CW, Lee JH, Park YH, Kim HS, Kim CS, Kim JT. Prediction of fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated children undergoing neurosurgery. Br J Anaesth. 2013 Apr;110(4):586-91. doi: 10.1093/bja/aes467. Epub 2012 Dec 18.
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BACKGROUND
Saxena R, Durward A, Puppala NK, et al. A comparison between novel static and dynamic markers of fluid responsiveness: preliminary data from 47 children. Proc 22nd Annu Congr ESPNIC. 2011;37 Suppl 2:S315-442. doi:10.1007/s00134-011-2387-x.
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BACKGROUND
Pereira de Souza Neto E, Grousson S, Duflo F, Ducreux C, Joly H, Convert J, Mottolese C, Dailler F, Cannesson M. Predicting fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated children under general anaesthesia using dynamic parameters and transthoracic echocardiography. Br J Anaesth. 2011 Jun;106(6):856-64. doi: 10.1093/bja/aer090. Epub 2011 Apr 26.
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BACKGROUND
Renner J, Broch O, Duetschke P, Scheewe J, Hocker J, Moseby M, Jung O, Bein B. Prediction of fluid responsiveness in infants and neonates undergoing congenital heart surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2012 Jan;108(1):108-15. doi: 10.1093/bja/aer371. Epub 2011 Nov 23.
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BACKGROUND
McLean JRL, Inwald DP. The utility of stroke volume variability as a predictor of fluid responsiveness in critically ill children: a pilot study. Intensive Care Med. 2014 Feb;40(2):288-289. doi: 10.1007/s00134-013-3171-x. Epub 2013 Dec 5. No abstract available.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Lee JY, Kim JY, Choi CH, Kim HS, Lee KC, Kwak HJ. The ability of stroke volume variation measured by a noninvasive cardiac output monitor to predict fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated children. Pediatr Cardiol. 2014 Feb;35(2):289-94. doi: 10.1007/s00246-013-0772-7. Epub 2013 Aug 21.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Other Identifiers
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14-2019
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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NCT03137446
COMPLETED
NA
Preventing Cardiovascular Collapse With Administration of Fluid Resuscitation During Induction and Intubation
NCT03787732
COMPLETED
PHASE4
Use of a Mini-fluid Bolus to Identify Fluid Responsiveness
NCT03058653
WITHDRAWN
NA
Proactive Prescription-based Fluid Management vs Usual Care in Critically Ill Patients on Kidney Replacement Therapy
NCT05473143
ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING
NA
The Effect of Prophylactic FFP Administration on ECMO Circuit Longevity
NCT01903863
COMPLETED
NA
Peripheral Perfusion Versus Lactate Targeted Fluid Resuscitation in Septic Shock
NCT03762005
UNKNOWN
NA
Preventing Cardiovascular collaPse With Administration of Fluid Resuscitation Before Endotracheal Intubation
NCT03026777
COMPLETED
PHASE4
RApid Fluid Volume EXpansion in Patients in Shock After the Initial Phase of Resuscitation.
NCT02645851
TERMINATED
NA
Intravenous Fluids in Hospitalised Children
NCT02926989
COMPLETED
PHASE4
Fluid Responsiveness Prediction Using Extra Systoles
NCT02520037
COMPLETED
Patient Controlled Fluid Administration
NCT03176043
UNKNOWN
EARLY_PHASE1
Capnogram and Fluid Responsiveness
NCT03788707
WITHDRAWN
NA
Liberal Versus Goal-directed Intraoperative Fluid Therapy in Pediatric Patients
NCT01350076
UNKNOWN
PHASE2
Transcutaneous pO2, Transcutaneous pCO2 and Central Venous SO2 Variations to Define Fluid Responsiveness
NCT01941472
COMPLETED
NA
Validation of the Fluid Responsiveness Index in Critically Ill Patients
NCT00894309
UNKNOWN
The Use of LiDCOplus in Fluid Resuscitation Decision-Making
NCT03349749
COMPLETED