Can Gut Bacteria Predict Who Benefits Most From Exercise? A Gut Supplement to Help Exercise Non-Responders

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

NOT_YET_RECRUITING

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

25 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2025-09-18

Study Completion Date

2026-08-10

Brief Summary

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The goal of this clinical trial is to learn how gut bacteria affect the way the body responds to exercise, especially how the body uses insulin. It also aims to learn if a supplement called sodium butyrate can help people who don't respond well to exercise alone.

The main questions it aims to answer are:

* Does exercise improve how the body uses insulin in male participants who have overweight or obesity?
* Can gut bacteria predict who will benefit most from exercise?
* Does sodium butyrate help improve insulin response in people who don't respond to exercise alone?

Participants will:

* Exercise 5 days a week for 12 weeks under supervision
* Take sodium butyrate (a natural gut health supplement) daily for the last 4 weeks of the program
* Provide blood and stool samples at three points during the study
* Complete health and lifestyle questionnaires
* Get body composition scans (DEXA) before, during, and after the study

This study may help researchers find new ways to personalize exercise plans based on gut health and improve blood sugar control.

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Detailed Description

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This is a single-arm, interventional study investigating the role of the gut microbiome in mediating the effects of cardiovascular exercise on insulin sensitivity in adult males with overweight or obesity (BMI ≥25). The study also evaluates the effectiveness of sodium butyrate supplementation in enhancing insulin sensitivity among individuals who are otherwise non-responsive to exercise alone.

The study will enroll 25 male participants between the ages of 18 and 40, who are affiliated with Texas Christian University (students, staff, or faculty) and have been sedentary for at least six months. Exclusion criteria include a diagnosis of diabetes or hypertension, recent weight changes, use of antibiotics, probiotics, or weight loss supplements, and any condition contraindicating safe participation in exercise.

Participants will engage in a 12-week supervised cardiovascular exercise program at the TCU Recreation Center. Exercise will progress from 30 to 60 minutes per session, 5 days per week, with intensity increasing from 50% to 80% of estimated maximum heart rate. During weeks 8 through 12, participants will take sodium butyrate (BodyBio; 939 mg sodium/day) in capsule form, dosed at 2 capsules with each meal (6 total/day).

Data collection includes:

* Stool samples (3 total): collected pre-intervention, at week 8 (pre-supplementation), and at week 12 (post-supplementation), to evaluate changes in gut microbial composition and diversity.
* Blood samples (3 total): fasting blood draws at the same three time points to measure glucose and insulin for calculation of HOMA-IR and other insulin sensitivity indices.
* Body composition: assessed at three time points using Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) to determine fat mass, lean mass, and bone mineral density.
* Questionnaires: validated instruments assessing physical activity, dietary intake, sleep, anxiety, depression, and food cravings.

The primary outcomes include changes in insulin sensitivity and gut microbiota composition across the 12-week intervention. Secondary outcomes include body composition changes and the classification of participants as "responders" or "non-responders" to exercise based on insulin sensitivity improvements.

An exploratory objective is to develop predictive models using AI algorithms (e.g., decision trees, random forests, support vector machines, logistic regression) trained on baseline gut microbiota and blood biomarkers to predict individual response to exercise.

This study is internally funded by a TCU Innovation Scholars (IS) Grant (\~$20,000), with an in-kind supplement donation valued at $2,000 provided by BodyBio. The study is conducted entirely on the TCU campus and has been approved by the TCU Institutional Review Board (IRB #2025-217). Results from this study aim to advance personalized exercise strategies and contribute to the growing field of precision medicine.

Conditions

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Obesity &Amp; Overweight

Study Design

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Allocation Method

NA

Intervention Model

SINGLE_GROUP

Interventional Study Model:

Type: Interventional (Clinical Trial)

Design: Single-group assignment (one-arm study)

Model: Pretest-Posttest Design

Allocation: Non-randomized

Masking: None (Open Label)

Primary Purpose: Treatment / Mechanistic

Time Perspective: Prospective

Study Duration: 12 weeks

Intervention Type:

Behavioral: Supervised cardiovascular exercise (progressively increasing intensity over 12 weeks)

Dietary Supplement: Sodium butyrate (oral capsules, 6 per day, taken during weeks 8-12)

Description:

Participants will undergo a 12-week exercise intervention. During the final 4 weeks, they will additionally receive sodium butyrate supplementation. The model uses repeated measures to assess changes in insulin sensitivity, gut microbiome composition, and body composition before and after the intervention.

Primary Study Purpose

TREATMENT

Blinding Strategy

NONE

Study Groups

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Exercise

Participants will undergo a 12-week exercise intervention. During the final 4 weeks, they will additionally receive sodium butyrate supplementation. The model uses repeated measures to assess changes in insulin sensitivity, gut microbiome composition, and body composition before and after the intervention.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Cardiovascular Exercise

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Participants will complete a 12-week supervised cardiovascular exercise program at the TCU Recreation Center. Exercise will occur 5 days per week, beginning with 30 minutes per session and progressing to 60 minutes. Intensity will start at 50% of estimated maximal heart rate and gradually increase to 80% by week 8, remaining at that level through week 12. Exercise modalities may include treadmill walking/running, rowing, elliptical, or cycling, based on participant preference and fitness level. Certified trainers will supervise all sessions to ensure safety, proper technique, and adherence to the intensity targets. Participants will wear ActiGraph heart rate monitors to verify exercise intensity throughout the intervention.

Butyrate

Intervention Type DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

Participants will take a dietary supplement containing sodium butyrate during the final 4 weeks (weeks 8-12) of the 12-week intervention. The supplement will be provided in capsule form, with participants instructed to take six capsules per day-two with each meal. This daily dose is equivalent to 3.6 g of butyric acid, which provides 939 mg of sodium, delivered as sodium butyrate. The supplement is intended to support gut health and potentially enhance insulin sensitivity in individuals who do not respond to exercise alone. Participants will receive a 4-week supply during their 8-week study visit, along with instructions for proper use and monitoring of any side effects.

Interventions

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Cardiovascular Exercise

Participants will complete a 12-week supervised cardiovascular exercise program at the TCU Recreation Center. Exercise will occur 5 days per week, beginning with 30 minutes per session and progressing to 60 minutes. Intensity will start at 50% of estimated maximal heart rate and gradually increase to 80% by week 8, remaining at that level through week 12. Exercise modalities may include treadmill walking/running, rowing, elliptical, or cycling, based on participant preference and fitness level. Certified trainers will supervise all sessions to ensure safety, proper technique, and adherence to the intensity targets. Participants will wear ActiGraph heart rate monitors to verify exercise intensity throughout the intervention.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Butyrate

Participants will take a dietary supplement containing sodium butyrate during the final 4 weeks (weeks 8-12) of the 12-week intervention. The supplement will be provided in capsule form, with participants instructed to take six capsules per day-two with each meal. This daily dose is equivalent to 3.6 g of butyric acid, which provides 939 mg of sodium, delivered as sodium butyrate. The supplement is intended to support gut health and potentially enhance insulin sensitivity in individuals who do not respond to exercise alone. Participants will receive a 4-week supply during their 8-week study visit, along with instructions for proper use and monitoring of any side effects.

Intervention Type DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* Male, aged 18 to 40 years
* BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m² (classified as overweight or obese)
* Affiliated with TCU (student, staff, or faculty)
* Sedentary lifestyle, defined as:
* Less than 150 minutes/week of moderate-intensity aerobic activity
* Less than 75 minutes/week of vigorous-intensity activity
* Fewer than 1 strength training session/week over the past 6 months
* Willingness to maintain current diet throughout the study
* Able and willing to understand and complete forms in English
* Able to provide informed consent

* Recent significant weight change (≥5% of body weight lost or gained in the past 3 months)
* Use of antibiotics or probiotics in the past 3 months
* Pregnant or planning pregnancy during the study period
* Currently lactating
* Following a restrictive diet (e.g., vegetarian, vegan, keto, carnivore)
* Taking weight loss medications or supplements (e.g., GLP-1 receptor agonists)
* Smoking or excessive alcohol use (\>14 drinks/week for men)
* Participation in another research study (clinical trial or intervention study)
* Contraindications to exercise as determined by the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire Plus (PARQ+)
* Inability to understand or complete forms in English

Exclusion Criteria

* Diagnosis of diabetes or currently prescribed insulin
* Hypertension, defined as:
* A diagnosis of high blood pressure
* Currently taking antihypertensive medication
* Blood pressure ≥130/80 mmHg during screening (Visit 1)

Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

40 Years

Eligible Sex

MALE

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No