Study of the Effect of Proprioceptive Stimuli in the Stomatognathic Area on Visual Perception, With and Without Sound

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Total Enrollment

38 participants

Study Classification

OBSERVATIONAL

Study Start Date

2022-12-16

Study Completion Date

2023-03-03

Brief Summary

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The goal of this observational study is to investigate how oral proprioceptive stimuli affect visual perception and auditory-visual integration in healthy young adults. The main questions it aims to answer are:

* Can Oral Proprioceptive Stimuli (OPS) induce Visual pseudo-Scotomas (VS) in the absence of other stimuli?
* Can Oral Proprioceptive Stimuli (OPS) modulate or eliminate Visual pseudo-Scotomas (VS) induced by auditory stimuli?

Researchers evaluated 38 healthy adults (aged 20-29) using the Vertical Maddox Test to detect functional visual alterations under different conditions. The study included four phases:

* Baseline assessment with no stimuli.
* Assessment with auditory stimuli alone.
* Assessment with simultaneous auditory and Oral Proprioceptive Stimuli (OPS), including tongue/lip positions (Combined Oral Stimuli) and dental pressure/traction stimuli (Dental Stimuli).
* Assessment with Oral Proprioceptive Stimuli (OPS) alone.

Visual pseudo-scotomas were recorded based on participant responses. The study was approved by the local ethics committee and all participants gave informed consent.

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Detailed Description

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Proprioception plays a well-established role in postural control and motor coordination, but increasing evidence supports its involvement in higher-level sensory processing, including spatial localization and multisensory integration. Given the anatomical overlap of trigeminal afferents innervating both oculomotor and orofacial structures, this study focused on the potential interplay between the stomatognathic and visual systems.

This study is an observational investigation with an experimental within-subject design with repeated measures in healthy volunteers.

The aim is to investigate the influence of oral proprioceptive stimuli on visual perception and audiovisual integration in healthy young adults, and explore whether non-invasive oral stimuli could modulate the occurrence of transient visual distortions-specifically Visual pseudo-Scotomas (VS)-when binocular vision is altered, and whether these stimuli could counteract the effects induced by auditory input.

Participants have been screened to ensure normal hearing, vision, and dental status, and underwent testing using the Vertical Maddox Test, which induces a dissociation in binocular vision that relies heavily on proprioceptive cues.

The experimental protocol was composed of four phases:

1. Baseline evaluation with no stimuli.
2. Application of auditory stimuli (500 Hz tones delivered through headphones) to assess their influence on visual perception.
3. Application of simultaneous auditory and Oral Proprioceptive Stimuli (OPS), including both Combined Oral Stimuli (COS, such as specific tongue and lip positions) and Dental Stimuli (DS, consisting of gentle pressure/traction on central incisors using a calibrated probe).
4. Application of Oral Proprioceptive Stimuli (OPS) alone, without sound.

Participants were asked to report the occurrence and location of any Visual pseudo-Scotomas (VS) observed during each phase. These were defined as functional visual field losses detected via the Vertical Maddox Test, with no underlying ocular pathology.

This protocol was developed based on prior work investigating ocular and oral proprioception and its role in multisensory integration. No pharmacological agents, devices, or therapeutic interventions were used. The study is observational in nature, and no biospecimens were collected or retained.

Conditions

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Proprioception Visual Perception Multisensory Stomatognathic System

Study Design

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Observational Model Type

OTHER

Study Time Perspective

CROSS_SECTIONAL

Study Groups

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Healthy adults

Healthy young adult participants (ages 20-29) underwent a 4-phase experimental protocol involving auditory and oral proprioceptive stimuli under controlled conditions, using the Vertical Maddox Test to assess transient visual changes.

Baseline Condition (No Stimuli)

Intervention Type OTHER

Participants underwent baseline evaluation using the Vertical Maddox Test with no auditory or oral proprioceptive stimulation. This phase was used to confirm the absence of spontaneous visual pseudo-scotomas and served as an internal control condition for each participant.

Auditory Stimulation only

Intervention Type OTHER

Participants received bilateral auditory stimulation consisting of 500 Hz tones (500 ms duration, 50 dB) delivered through wireless headphones, without any accompanying oral stimuli. This condition was used to assess the isolated effect of sound on visual perception using the Vertical Maddox Test.

Auditory and Oral Proprioceptive Stimulation (OPS)

Intervention Type OTHER

Participants received simultaneous auditory and oral proprioceptive stimuli while undergoing the Vertical Maddox Test. - Auditory: 500 Hz tones (500 ms, 50 dB) via headphones. - Oral Proprioceptive Stimuli (OPS): included Combined Oral Stimuli (e.g., tongue and lip self-administered positions) and Dental Stimuli (mechanical pressure or traction on central incisors using a calibrated probe). This condition aimed to assess whether OPS could modulate or eliminate sound-induced visual pseudo-scotomas.

Oral Proprioceptive Stimulation Only (OPS)

Intervention Type OTHER

Participants received oral proprioceptive stimuli alone, without auditory input, during the Vertical Maddox Test. - Combined Oral Stimuli (COS): self-administered tongue/lip positions. - Dental Stimuli (DS): applied by the operator to central incisors. This condition was used to evaluate the independent effect of OPS on visual perception.

Interventions

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Baseline Condition (No Stimuli)

Participants underwent baseline evaluation using the Vertical Maddox Test with no auditory or oral proprioceptive stimulation. This phase was used to confirm the absence of spontaneous visual pseudo-scotomas and served as an internal control condition for each participant.

Intervention Type OTHER

Auditory Stimulation only

Participants received bilateral auditory stimulation consisting of 500 Hz tones (500 ms duration, 50 dB) delivered through wireless headphones, without any accompanying oral stimuli. This condition was used to assess the isolated effect of sound on visual perception using the Vertical Maddox Test.

Intervention Type OTHER

Auditory and Oral Proprioceptive Stimulation (OPS)

Participants received simultaneous auditory and oral proprioceptive stimuli while undergoing the Vertical Maddox Test. - Auditory: 500 Hz tones (500 ms, 50 dB) via headphones. - Oral Proprioceptive Stimuli (OPS): included Combined Oral Stimuli (e.g., tongue and lip self-administered positions) and Dental Stimuli (mechanical pressure or traction on central incisors using a calibrated probe). This condition aimed to assess whether OPS could modulate or eliminate sound-induced visual pseudo-scotomas.

Intervention Type OTHER

Oral Proprioceptive Stimulation Only (OPS)

Participants received oral proprioceptive stimuli alone, without auditory input, during the Vertical Maddox Test. - Combined Oral Stimuli (COS): self-administered tongue/lip positions. - Dental Stimuli (DS): applied by the operator to central incisors. This condition was used to evaluate the independent effect of OPS on visual perception.

Intervention Type OTHER

Other Intervention Names

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Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

Eligibility Criteria

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Exclusion Criteria

* General criteria:

* Treatment with psychotropic drugs
* Hearing loss in one or both ears
* Visual criteria:

* Visual acuity worse than 20/20 in one or both eyes
* Stereopsis (three-dimensional vision) less than 120 arc sec
* Vertical phoria greater than 0.75 Δ
* Strabismus operated on or not
* Ongoing optometric rehabilitation
* History of amblyopia
* Dental criteria:

* Missing one or more incisors
* Presence of conservative, prosthetic or orthodontic treatment on one or more incisors (fillings, root canal treatments, veneers, crowns, brackets, Invisalign type attachments...).

Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes