Effects Of Anaesthesia on Intraocular Pressure in Robotic Prostate Surgery

NCT ID: NCT07033442

Last Updated: 2025-06-24

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

60 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2015-07-23

Study Completion Date

2015-12-24

Brief Summary

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Robot-assisted surgery is now commonly used to treat prostate cancer. This type of surgery, called robot-assisted prostatectomy, helps doctors operate more precisely and allows patients to heal faster. But there are some special things to be careful about during these surgeries.

During the operation, the patient is placed in a steep head-down position for a long time. Staying in this position for a long period can cause the pressure inside the eyes-called intraocular pressure (IOP)-to go up. High eye pressure can be risky, especially for people who already have eye problems.

This study looked at different types of anesthesia used during robotic prostate surgery to see how they affect eye pressure. The goal was to find out which type of anesthesia causes less of an increase in eye pressure.

Detailed Description

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In this study, the aim was to investigate the effects of hemodynamic changes induced by the steep Trendelenburg position and pneumoperitoneum, surgical duration, blood gas parameters, and the type of anesthesia administered on intraocular pressure (IOP) during robotic prostatectomy.

Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer among men. Among the various treatment options, robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) stands out as the most recent and technologically advanced surgical approach.

This randomized and prospective study was conducted at the operating rooms of Ankara Atatürk Training and Research Hospital following approval by the Ethics Committee. Sixty cooperative adult male patients scheduled to undergo robotic prostatectomy under general anesthesia and classified as ASA physical status I-II were enrolled in the study after providing informed written consent.

Patients with severe cardiac disease, restrictive or obstructive pulmonary disease, renal or hepatic insufficiency, a history of hypersensitivity to anesthetic agents, psychiatric disorders, neurologic diseases, previous intracranial surgery, chronic alcohol, sedative, tranquilizer, or analgesic use, glaucoma, or those receiving medications known to affect IOP, as well as patients predicted to present with difficult intubation on direct laryngoscopy, were excluded from the study.

Participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups by drawing a label from a sealed envelope: Group 1 received inhalation anesthesia, and Group 2 received total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA). Demographic data were recorded. Prior to the induction of general anesthesia, while the participants were in the supine position, baseline measurements were taken, including heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO₂), end-tidal CO₂ (ETCO₂), bispectral index (BIS), and IOP in both eyes.

Anesthesia induction was carried out using the following agents: patients in Group 1 received intravenous Lidocaine at a dose of 1-1.5 mg/kg, Thiopental 4-6 mg/kg, Remifentanil 1 µg/kg, and Rocuronium 0.6-1.2 mg/kg. In Group 2, Lidocaine 1-1.5 mg/kg, Propofol 2-3 mg/kg, Remifentanil 1 µg/kg, and Rocuronium 0.6-1.2 mg/kg were administered. For anesthesia maintenance, Group 1 was managed with Sevoflurane combined with a Remifentanil infusion, while Group 2 received a combination of Propofol and Remifentanil infusions.

Intraocular pressure (IOP), hemodynamic parameters, arterial blood gas values, pulmonary mechanics, heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, bispectral index (BIS), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO₂), and end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO₂) levels were evaluated at ten specific time points throughout the procedure. These included: before anesthesia induction (T0); 10 minutes after induction (T1); 2 minutes after positioning the participant in the steep Trendelenburg position (T2); 2 minutes following carbon dioxide (CO₂) insufflation (T3); 1 hour (T4), 2 hours (T5), and 3 hours (T6) after CO₂ insufflation; 2 minutes after CO₂ desufflation (T7); 2 minutes after returning the participant to the supine position (T8); and 45 minutes postoperatively (T9).

Intra-abdominal pressures generated by CO₂ insufflation, as well as the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane and ETCO₂ values, were also recorded.

Conditions

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Anaesthesia Intraocular Pressure Trendelenburg Position Robot Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy Total Intravenous Anesthesia Inhalation Anesthesia

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

PARALLEL

Primary Study Purpose

OTHER

Study Groups

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This group received general anesthesia maintained with an inhalation-based technique.

Anesthesia was maintained in the patients using sevoflurane+remifentail infusion in Arm 1

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Sevoflurane (Volatile Anesthetic)

Intervention Type DRUG

Inhalational anesthetic used for maintenance of anesthesia. Administered at 2-3% concentration in a 40% oxygen-air mixture to maintain BIS values between 40-60.

Remifentanil 2 MG

Intervention Type DRUG

Short-acting opioid used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia at a dose of 1 μg/kg IV (induction) and 0.05-0.25 μg/kg/min (maintenance).

Rocuronium 50 mg/5 ml

Intervention Type DRUG

Neuromuscular blocker administered IV at 0.6-1.2 mg/kg for induction and 0.15 mg/kg for maintenance of muscle relaxation during surgery.

Lidocaine %2 ampoule

Intervention Type DRUG

Administered intravenously at 1-1.5 mg/kg before anesthesia induction to reduce injection pain and facilitate induction.

Thiopental 500 mg vial for injection

Intervention Type DRUG

Intravenous anesthetic agent used for induction of anesthesia at 4-6 mg/kg.

Neostigmine 0,5 mg/ml ampoule

Intervention Type DRUG

Administered IV at 0.04 mg/kg for reversal of neuromuscular blockade at the end of the procedure.

Atropine Sulphate 0.5mg/ml ampoule

Intervention Type DRUG

Administered intravenously (0.4 mg per 1 mg neostigmine) to counteract muscarinic effects during neuromuscular blockade reversal; also 0.5 mg IV in cases of intraoperative bradycardia (HR \< 45 bpm).

Ephedrine Hydrochloride 0,05 mg/ml ampoule

Intervention Type DRUG

Used intravenously at 0.1 mg/kg to manage intraoperative hypotension unresponsive to fluid and anesthetic dose adjustment.

CO₂ Pneumoperitoneum

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Creation of pneumoperitoneum with CO₂ insufflation for robotic prostatectomy; monitoring and recording of intra-abdominal pressures.

Bispectral index (BIS) Monitoring

Intervention Type DEVICE

Monitoring of depth of anesthesia using bispectral index values; frontal placement preoperatively and throughout surgery. BIS maintained between 40-60.

intraocular pressure measurement

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) in both eyes at multiple intraoperative and postoperative time points (T0-T9).

intraarterial cannulation and pressure measurement

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Invasive arterial blood pressure measurement and blood gas measurements via an 18G catheter inserted into the radial artery

Mechanical Ventilation

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Ventilation initiated after intubation with volume-controlled settings (TV 6-8 ml/kg, RR 12, FiO₂ 50%), adjusted to maintain ETCO₂ between 30-36 mmHg.

Peripheral Intravenous Cannulation

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

All participants received peripheral intravenous cannulation using 18-20 G IV cannulas placed on the dorsum of the hand before anesthesia induction.

Crystalloid solutions

Intervention Type DRUG

Participants received calculated maintenance fluids with crystalloids through intravenous infusion prior to and during surgery.

Endotracheal Intubation

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

After induction of anesthesia and neuromuscular blockade, endotracheal intubation was performed using standard technique in all participants.

American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Standard Monitors

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Routine ASA monitoring, including noninvasive blood pressure, ECG (D2 derivation), End-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO₂) and Peripheral Oxygen Saturation (SpO₂), was performed in all patients, starting from the preoperative period and continuing throughout the surgery.

Ventilatory Pressure and Compliance Monitoring

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Throughout the procedure, the following lung mechanics were continuously measured: PEEP, peak airway pressure (PEAK), mean airway pressure (Pmean), plateau pressure (Pplato), and dynamic compliance.

This group received general anesthesia maintained with a total intravenous technique.

Anesthesia was maintained in the patients using propofol+remifentanil infusion in Arm 2

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Propofol 1%

Intervention Type DRUG

Intravenous hypnotic agent used for induction (2-3 mg/kg) and maintenance (50-150 μg/kg/min) of anesthesia. Titrated to maintain BIS values between 40-60.

Remifentanil 2 MG

Intervention Type DRUG

Short-acting opioid used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia at a dose of 1 μg/kg IV (induction) and 0.05-0.25 μg/kg/min (maintenance).

Rocuronium 50 mg/5 ml

Intervention Type DRUG

Neuromuscular blocker administered IV at 0.6-1.2 mg/kg for induction and 0.15 mg/kg for maintenance of muscle relaxation during surgery.

Lidocaine %2 ampoule

Intervention Type DRUG

Administered intravenously at 1-1.5 mg/kg before anesthesia induction to reduce injection pain and facilitate induction.

Neostigmine 0,5 mg/ml ampoule

Intervention Type DRUG

Administered IV at 0.04 mg/kg for reversal of neuromuscular blockade at the end of the procedure.

Atropine Sulphate 0.5mg/ml ampoule

Intervention Type DRUG

Administered intravenously (0.4 mg per 1 mg neostigmine) to counteract muscarinic effects during neuromuscular blockade reversal; also 0.5 mg IV in cases of intraoperative bradycardia (HR \< 45 bpm).

Ephedrine Hydrochloride 0,05 mg/ml ampoule

Intervention Type DRUG

Used intravenously at 0.1 mg/kg to manage intraoperative hypotension unresponsive to fluid and anesthetic dose adjustment.

CO₂ Pneumoperitoneum

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Creation of pneumoperitoneum with CO₂ insufflation for robotic prostatectomy; monitoring and recording of intra-abdominal pressures.

Bispectral index (BIS) Monitoring

Intervention Type DEVICE

Monitoring of depth of anesthesia using bispectral index values; frontal placement preoperatively and throughout surgery. BIS maintained between 40-60.

intraocular pressure measurement

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) in both eyes at multiple intraoperative and postoperative time points (T0-T9).

intraarterial cannulation and pressure measurement

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Invasive arterial blood pressure measurement and blood gas measurements via an 18G catheter inserted into the radial artery

Mechanical Ventilation

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Ventilation initiated after intubation with volume-controlled settings (TV 6-8 ml/kg, RR 12, FiO₂ 50%), adjusted to maintain ETCO₂ between 30-36 mmHg.

Peripheral Intravenous Cannulation

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

All participants received peripheral intravenous cannulation using 18-20 G IV cannulas placed on the dorsum of the hand before anesthesia induction.

Crystalloid solutions

Intervention Type DRUG

Participants received calculated maintenance fluids with crystalloids through intravenous infusion prior to and during surgery.

Endotracheal Intubation

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

After induction of anesthesia and neuromuscular blockade, endotracheal intubation was performed using standard technique in all participants.

American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Standard Monitors

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Routine ASA monitoring, including noninvasive blood pressure, ECG (D2 derivation), End-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO₂) and Peripheral Oxygen Saturation (SpO₂), was performed in all patients, starting from the preoperative period and continuing throughout the surgery.

Ventilatory Pressure and Compliance Monitoring

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Throughout the procedure, the following lung mechanics were continuously measured: PEEP, peak airway pressure (PEAK), mean airway pressure (Pmean), plateau pressure (Pplato), and dynamic compliance.

Interventions

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Sevoflurane (Volatile Anesthetic)

Inhalational anesthetic used for maintenance of anesthesia. Administered at 2-3% concentration in a 40% oxygen-air mixture to maintain BIS values between 40-60.

Intervention Type DRUG

Propofol 1%

Intravenous hypnotic agent used for induction (2-3 mg/kg) and maintenance (50-150 μg/kg/min) of anesthesia. Titrated to maintain BIS values between 40-60.

Intervention Type DRUG

Remifentanil 2 MG

Short-acting opioid used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia at a dose of 1 μg/kg IV (induction) and 0.05-0.25 μg/kg/min (maintenance).

Intervention Type DRUG

Rocuronium 50 mg/5 ml

Neuromuscular blocker administered IV at 0.6-1.2 mg/kg for induction and 0.15 mg/kg for maintenance of muscle relaxation during surgery.

Intervention Type DRUG

Lidocaine %2 ampoule

Administered intravenously at 1-1.5 mg/kg before anesthesia induction to reduce injection pain and facilitate induction.

Intervention Type DRUG

Thiopental 500 mg vial for injection

Intravenous anesthetic agent used for induction of anesthesia at 4-6 mg/kg.

Intervention Type DRUG

Neostigmine 0,5 mg/ml ampoule

Administered IV at 0.04 mg/kg for reversal of neuromuscular blockade at the end of the procedure.

Intervention Type DRUG

Atropine Sulphate 0.5mg/ml ampoule

Administered intravenously (0.4 mg per 1 mg neostigmine) to counteract muscarinic effects during neuromuscular blockade reversal; also 0.5 mg IV in cases of intraoperative bradycardia (HR \< 45 bpm).

Intervention Type DRUG

Ephedrine Hydrochloride 0,05 mg/ml ampoule

Used intravenously at 0.1 mg/kg to manage intraoperative hypotension unresponsive to fluid and anesthetic dose adjustment.

Intervention Type DRUG

CO₂ Pneumoperitoneum

Creation of pneumoperitoneum with CO₂ insufflation for robotic prostatectomy; monitoring and recording of intra-abdominal pressures.

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Bispectral index (BIS) Monitoring

Monitoring of depth of anesthesia using bispectral index values; frontal placement preoperatively and throughout surgery. BIS maintained between 40-60.

Intervention Type DEVICE

intraocular pressure measurement

Measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) in both eyes at multiple intraoperative and postoperative time points (T0-T9).

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

intraarterial cannulation and pressure measurement

Invasive arterial blood pressure measurement and blood gas measurements via an 18G catheter inserted into the radial artery

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Mechanical Ventilation

Ventilation initiated after intubation with volume-controlled settings (TV 6-8 ml/kg, RR 12, FiO₂ 50%), adjusted to maintain ETCO₂ between 30-36 mmHg.

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Peripheral Intravenous Cannulation

All participants received peripheral intravenous cannulation using 18-20 G IV cannulas placed on the dorsum of the hand before anesthesia induction.

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Crystalloid solutions

Participants received calculated maintenance fluids with crystalloids through intravenous infusion prior to and during surgery.

Intervention Type DRUG

Endotracheal Intubation

After induction of anesthesia and neuromuscular blockade, endotracheal intubation was performed using standard technique in all participants.

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Standard Monitors

Routine ASA monitoring, including noninvasive blood pressure, ECG (D2 derivation), End-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO₂) and Peripheral Oxygen Saturation (SpO₂), was performed in all patients, starting from the preoperative period and continuing throughout the surgery.

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Ventilatory Pressure and Compliance Monitoring

Throughout the procedure, the following lung mechanics were continuously measured: PEEP, peak airway pressure (PEAK), mean airway pressure (Pmean), plateau pressure (Pplato), and dynamic compliance.

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* Patients who will undergo robot-assisted prostate surgery with ASA I-II

Exclusion Criteria

* serious cardiac disease
* restrictive and obstructive lung disease
* renal and hepatic insufficiency
* with a history of hypersensitivity to the agents to be used
* with psychiatric disorders
* with a history of neurological disease
* who had intracranial surgery
* with a history of alcohol, sedative, tranquilizer and long-term analgesic use,
* with glaucoma and those taking medications that would affect IOP
* who were thought to have difficult intubation during direct laryngoscopy.
Eligible Sex

MALE

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Sponsors

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Ataturk Training and Research Hospital

OTHER

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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Aysun Erşen Yüngül

Principal Investigator

Responsibility Role PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Other Identifiers

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EthicsApproval: 152

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id

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