SMART Therapist Training: A Hybrid Factorial-SMART Design

NCT ID: NCT07010770

Last Updated: 2025-09-02

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

RECRUITING

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

240 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2025-08-15

Study Completion Date

2030-08-30

Brief Summary

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Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) is highly effective in randomized controlled trials, but its effectiveness drops substantially in standard clinical practice, largely due to therapist "drift" from fidelity to the protocol. What remains unknown is which components of CPT training yield high therapist fidelity. Thus, there is a critical need to use empirical approaches to identify the most effective components of CPT training and to develop an adaptive training model for CPT by testing sequences of empirically-supported training strategies. The long-term goal of this research is to develop a sustainable model of therapy training that is personalized to the needs of the therapist trainee.

The overall objective of this application is to empirically optimize an adaptive model for CPT training. The rationale is that developing an adaptive training model will improve efficiency and personalization, yield higher fidelity, and ultimately improve Veteran outcomes. We expect that completion of this project will produce an adaptive CPT training program that yields high therapist fidelity. Improving CPT fidelity in VHA will have a positive impact on the health and wellbeing of Veterans with PTSD.

Detailed Description

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Background: One third of post-9/11 Veterans in VHA suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and even among those who receive evidence-based PTSD treatment, over half remain symptomatic. Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) is a first-line treatment for PTSD that is initiated three times more frequently than any other trauma-focused treatment. CPT is highly effective in randomized controlled trials, but its effectiveness drops substantially in standard clinical practice, largely due to therapist "drift" from fidelity to the protocol. What remains unknown is which components of CPT training yield high therapist fidelity. Thus, there is a critical need to use empirical approaches to identify the most effective components of CPT training and to develop an adaptive training model for CPT by testing sequences of empirically- supported training strategies. The long-term goal of this research is to develop a sustainable model of therapy training that is personalized to the needs of the therapist trainee. The overall objective of this application is to empirically optimize an adaptive model for CPT training. The rationale is that developing an adaptive training model will improve efficiency and personalization, yield higher fidelity, and ultimately improve Veteran outcomes. We expect that completion of this project will produce an adaptive CPT training program that yields high therapist fidelity. Improving CPT fidelity in VHA will have a positive impact on the health and wellbeing of Veterans with PTSD.

Significance: The number of VHA patients with a diagnosis of PTSD has steadily increased for the past 10 years, therefore improving VHA's capacity to deliver PTSD treatment is of utmost importance. This project aligns with the 2024 VHA priorities to connect Veterans to the best care and improve VHA workforce retention.

Innovation \& Impact: Upon successful completion of this project, we expect to contribute an empirically-based, adaptive training model for CPT. This contribution will improve therapist fidelity to CPT and ultimately yield superior clinical outcomes for Veterans with PTSD. The research is innovative because it will use a novel, highly efficient experimental design to shift the current CPT training paradigm from fixed, hard-to-scale strategies to a dynamic and accessible approach, composed of empirically-based components. Our specific aims are:

* Specific Aim 1: Identify which of two low-intensity training components contribute meaningfully to therapist fidelity. We will test the effectiveness of each component and their interaction, as measured by therapist fidelity ratings across 12 months.
* Specific Aim 2: For those with "fidelity in progress," determine whether stepping up to high-intensity consultation improves fidelity. We hypothesize that stepping up will lead to greater fidelity.
* Exploratory Aims: A) For those with "early fidelity," assess the impact of stepping down to self-monitoring versus continuing in standard consultation. B) Compare standard training and consultation to the embedded adaptive training strategies. C) Identify moderators. D) Conduct cost analysis and refine the program through process evaluation.

Methodology: This Hybrid Factorial-SMART will determine which of two low-intensity components (Web-based Training or Consultation Work-Sample Review) is most effective during the initial phase of CPT training. Those who have reached fidelity benchmarks at Month 4 ("early fidelity") will be re-randomized to Continue with standard consultation or Step Down to fidelity self-monitoring. Those not reaching fidelity at Month 4 ("fidelity in progress") will be re- randomized to Continue or Step Up to high-intensity consultation. Fidelity will be assessed by trained evaluators at baseline, 6, 9, \& 12 months via standardized patient exercise.

Conditions

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Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic Psychotherapy

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

FACTORIAL

All eligible participants will initially be randomized to one of the first-stage tactics:

1. Web-Based Training (WBT) + Consultation with Work-Sample Review (WR)
2. Web-Based Training (WBT) + Standard Consultation
3. Standard Training + Consultation with Work-Sample Review (WR)
4. Standard Training + Standard Consultation

After four months/one completed case, CPT fidelity will be assessed, and therapists who demonstrate inadequate fidelity/cannot be reached for assessment will be classified as demonstrating "fidelity in progress" and will be re-randomized to one of two second-stage tactics for the next two months:

1. Continue in standard consultation
2. Step up to high intensity consultation with biweekly session review.

Therapists who have achieved fidelity benchmarks will be classified as demonstrating "early fidelity" and will be re-randomized to one of two second-stage tactics for the next two months:
3. Continue in standard consultation
4. Step down to fidelity self-monitoring
Primary Study Purpose

OTHER

Blinding Strategy

SINGLE

Outcome Assessors

Study Groups

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Condition 1-A

Web-Based Training (WBT) + Work-Sample Review (WR) + early fidelity + step down to fidelity self-monitoring.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Web-Based Training (WBT)

Intervention Type OTHER

A self-paced online training course that includes video demonstrations, self-guided modules, and clinical materials/resources.

Work Sample Review (WR)

Intervention Type OTHER

Four months of weekly hour-long consultation that will include trainer-led reviews of work samples, focusing on the Impact Statement and Stuck Point Log.

Step down to fidelity self-monitoring

Intervention Type OTHER

After four months, and for participants who are classified as meeting "early fidelity", for the next two months, therapists in self-monitored fidelity will no longer attend group consultation. Instead, they will assess their own fidelity through self-report surveys.

Condition 1-B

Web-Based Training (WBT) + Work-Sample Review (WR) + early fidelity + continue in Standard Consultation.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Web-Based Training (WBT)

Intervention Type OTHER

A self-paced online training course that includes video demonstrations, self-guided modules, and clinical materials/resources.

Work Sample Review (WR)

Intervention Type OTHER

Four months of weekly hour-long consultation that will include trainer-led reviews of work samples, focusing on the Impact Statement and Stuck Point Log.

Condition 1-C

Web-Based Training (WBT) + Work-Sample Review (WR) + fidelity in progress + step up to session audio review.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Web-Based Training (WBT)

Intervention Type OTHER

A self-paced online training course that includes video demonstrations, self-guided modules, and clinical materials/resources.

Work Sample Review (WR)

Intervention Type OTHER

Four months of weekly hour-long consultation that will include trainer-led reviews of work samples, focusing on the Impact Statement and Stuck Point Log.

Step up to session audio review

Intervention Type OTHER

After four months, and for participants who are classified as meeting "fidelity in progress", for the next two months, therapists will have their session audio recordings reviewed and rated for fidelity.

Condition 1-D

Web-Based Training (WBT) + Work-Sample Review (WR)+ fidelity in progress + continue in Standard Consultation.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Web-Based Training (WBT)

Intervention Type OTHER

A self-paced online training course that includes video demonstrations, self-guided modules, and clinical materials/resources.

Work Sample Review (WR)

Intervention Type OTHER

Four months of weekly hour-long consultation that will include trainer-led reviews of work samples, focusing on the Impact Statement and Stuck Point Log.

Continue in Standard Consultation

Intervention Type OTHER

After four months, therapists will continue to attend weekly hour-long group consultation for another two months.

Condition 2-A

Web-Based Training (WBT) + Standard Consultation (SC) + early fidelity + step down to fidelity self-monitoring.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Web-Based Training (WBT)

Intervention Type OTHER

A self-paced online training course that includes video demonstrations, self-guided modules, and clinical materials/resources.

Step down to fidelity self-monitoring

Intervention Type OTHER

After four months, and for participants who are classified as meeting "early fidelity", for the next two months, therapists in self-monitored fidelity will no longer attend group consultation. Instead, they will assess their own fidelity through self-report surveys.

Standard Consultation (SC)

Intervention Type OTHER

Four months of weekly hour-long group consultation

Condition 2-B

Web-Based Training (WBT) + Standard Consultation (SC) + early fidelity + continue in Standard Consultation.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Web-Based Training (WBT)

Intervention Type OTHER

A self-paced online training course that includes video demonstrations, self-guided modules, and clinical materials/resources.

Standard Consultation (SC)

Intervention Type OTHER

Four months of weekly hour-long group consultation

Condition 2-C

Web-Based Training (WBT) + Standard Consultation (SC) + fidelity in progress + step up to session audio review.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Web-Based Training (WBT)

Intervention Type OTHER

A self-paced online training course that includes video demonstrations, self-guided modules, and clinical materials/resources.

Step up to session audio review

Intervention Type OTHER

After four months, and for participants who are classified as meeting "fidelity in progress", for the next two months, therapists will have their session audio recordings reviewed and rated for fidelity.

Standard Consultation (SC)

Intervention Type OTHER

Four months of weekly hour-long group consultation

Condition 2-D

Web-Based Training (WBT) + Standard Consultation (SC) + fidelity in progress + continue in Standard Consultation.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Web-Based Training (WBT)

Intervention Type OTHER

A self-paced online training course that includes video demonstrations, self-guided modules, and clinical materials/resources.

Standard Consultation (SC)

Intervention Type OTHER

Four months of weekly hour-long group consultation

Continue in Standard Consultation

Intervention Type OTHER

After four months, therapists will continue to attend weekly hour-long group consultation for another two months.

Condition 3-A

Standard Training (ST) + Work-Sample Review (WR) + early fidelity + step down to fidelity self-monitoring.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Work Sample Review (WR)

Intervention Type OTHER

Four months of weekly hour-long consultation that will include trainer-led reviews of work samples, focusing on the Impact Statement and Stuck Point Log.

Step down to fidelity self-monitoring

Intervention Type OTHER

After four months, and for participants who are classified as meeting "early fidelity", for the next two months, therapists in self-monitored fidelity will no longer attend group consultation. Instead, they will assess their own fidelity through self-report surveys.

Standard Training (ST)

Intervention Type OTHER

2-day instructor-led CPT workshop.

Condition 3-B

Standard Training (ST) + Work-Sample Review (WR) + early fidelity + continue in Standard Consultation.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Work Sample Review (WR)

Intervention Type OTHER

Four months of weekly hour-long consultation that will include trainer-led reviews of work samples, focusing on the Impact Statement and Stuck Point Log.

Standard Training (ST)

Intervention Type OTHER

2-day instructor-led CPT workshop.

Condition 3-C

Standard Training (ST) + Work-Sample Review (WR) + fidelity in progress + step up to session audio review.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Work Sample Review (WR)

Intervention Type OTHER

Four months of weekly hour-long consultation that will include trainer-led reviews of work samples, focusing on the Impact Statement and Stuck Point Log.

Step up to session audio review

Intervention Type OTHER

After four months, and for participants who are classified as meeting "fidelity in progress", for the next two months, therapists will have their session audio recordings reviewed and rated for fidelity.

Standard Training (ST)

Intervention Type OTHER

2-day instructor-led CPT workshop.

Condition 3-D

Standard Training (ST) + Work-Sample Review (WR)+ fidelity in progress + continue in Standard Consultation.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Work Sample Review (WR)

Intervention Type OTHER

Four months of weekly hour-long consultation that will include trainer-led reviews of work samples, focusing on the Impact Statement and Stuck Point Log.

Standard Training (ST)

Intervention Type OTHER

2-day instructor-led CPT workshop.

Continue in Standard Consultation

Intervention Type OTHER

After four months, therapists will continue to attend weekly hour-long group consultation for another two months.

Condition 4-A

Standard Training (ST) + Standard Consultation (SC) + early fidelity + step down to fidelity self-monitoring.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Step down to fidelity self-monitoring

Intervention Type OTHER

After four months, and for participants who are classified as meeting "early fidelity", for the next two months, therapists in self-monitored fidelity will no longer attend group consultation. Instead, they will assess their own fidelity through self-report surveys.

Standard Consultation (SC)

Intervention Type OTHER

Four months of weekly hour-long group consultation

Standard Training (ST)

Intervention Type OTHER

2-day instructor-led CPT workshop.

Condition 4-B

Standard Training (ST) + Standard Consultation (SC) + early fidelity + continue in Standard Consultation.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Standard Consultation (SC)

Intervention Type OTHER

Four months of weekly hour-long group consultation

Standard Training (ST)

Intervention Type OTHER

2-day instructor-led CPT workshop.

Continue in Standard Consultation

Intervention Type OTHER

After four months, therapists will continue to attend weekly hour-long group consultation for another two months.

Condition 4-C

Standard Training (ST) + Standard Consultation (SC) + fidelity in progress + step up to session audio review.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Step up to session audio review

Intervention Type OTHER

After four months, and for participants who are classified as meeting "fidelity in progress", for the next two months, therapists will have their session audio recordings reviewed and rated for fidelity.

Standard Consultation (SC)

Intervention Type OTHER

Four months of weekly hour-long group consultation

Standard Training (ST)

Intervention Type OTHER

2-day instructor-led CPT workshop.

Condition 4-D

Standard Training (ST) + Standard Consultation (SC) + fidelity in progress + continue in Standard Consultation.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Standard Consultation (SC)

Intervention Type OTHER

Four months of weekly hour-long group consultation

Standard Training (ST)

Intervention Type OTHER

2-day instructor-led CPT workshop.

Continue in Standard Consultation

Intervention Type OTHER

After four months, therapists will continue to attend weekly hour-long group consultation for another two months.

Interventions

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Web-Based Training (WBT)

A self-paced online training course that includes video demonstrations, self-guided modules, and clinical materials/resources.

Intervention Type OTHER

Work Sample Review (WR)

Four months of weekly hour-long consultation that will include trainer-led reviews of work samples, focusing on the Impact Statement and Stuck Point Log.

Intervention Type OTHER

Step down to fidelity self-monitoring

After four months, and for participants who are classified as meeting "early fidelity", for the next two months, therapists in self-monitored fidelity will no longer attend group consultation. Instead, they will assess their own fidelity through self-report surveys.

Intervention Type OTHER

Step up to session audio review

After four months, and for participants who are classified as meeting "fidelity in progress", for the next two months, therapists will have their session audio recordings reviewed and rated for fidelity.

Intervention Type OTHER

Standard Consultation (SC)

Four months of weekly hour-long group consultation

Intervention Type OTHER

Standard Training (ST)

2-day instructor-led CPT workshop.

Intervention Type OTHER

Continue in Standard Consultation

After four months, therapists will continue to attend weekly hour-long group consultation for another two months.

Intervention Type OTHER

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

We have designed the sample to be representative of therapists who are eligible for CPT rollout training.

* Participants must be licensed mental health clinicians or a mental health trainee in VA service (e.g., practicum students, psychology interns, postdoctoral fellows) whose formal job responsibilities include the provision of psychotherapy services to Veterans on a regular basis
* Participants must be able to participate for 9 months.
* Participants must work in a setting where CPT may be implemented (12 weekly 60-minute individual sessions or 90-minute group sessions).
* Participants must have local/supervisor support to implement CPT and fully participate in all training and consultation activities.
* Participating trainees (e.g. psychology interns) on a 6-month training rotation must have permission from their supervisors to continue the study into their next rotation.

Exclusion Criteria

* Participant is not a licensed mental health clinician
* Participant is already certified in CPT
Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Sponsors

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VA Office of Research and Development

FED

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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Responsibility Role SPONSOR

Principal Investigators

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Rebecca Kaufman Sripada, PhD MS

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI

Locations

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VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA

Palo Alto, California, United States

Site Status RECRUITING

VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI

Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States

Site Status RECRUITING

Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN

Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States

Site Status RECRUITING

Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH

Cincinnati, Ohio, United States

Site Status RECRUITING

Countries

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United States

Central Contacts

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Rebecca K Sripada, PhD MS

Role: CONTACT

(734) 222-7432

Isabel Gracy, BS

Role: CONTACT

Facility Contacts

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Shannon Wiltsey-Stirman, PhD

Role: primary

650-493-5000

Michael P Robertson

Role: primary

(734) 845-5718

Fatima Makki, MPH MSW

Role: backup

(734) 845-3623

Nina Sayer, PhD

Role: primary

612-725-2000 ext. 314623

Robert Orazem, PhD

Role: backup

6126297453

Kathleen Chard, PhD

Role: primary

513-861-3100 ext. 4434

Other Identifiers

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HX003943-01

Identifier Type: OTHER_GRANT

Identifier Source: secondary_id

IIR 24-069

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id

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