Mechanisms of Emotion Regulation Underlying Successful CBT in Depression

NCT ID: NCT04328103

Last Updated: 2024-05-16

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: COMPLETED
• Total Enrollment: 41 participants
• Study Classification: OBSERVATIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2020-11-25
• Study Completion Date: 2023-06-02

Brief Summary

This research aims to elucidate mechanisms through which change occurs during cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for depression. Assessing meta-cognitive processes of self-knowledge (top-down), electrophysiological and behavioral correlates of emotion processing (bottom-up), and their relation to treatment outcome will provide new insights into the mechanisms of emotion regulation deficits in depression. It will also contribute toward the clinical goal of identifying patients who may benefit most from CBT for unipolar depression.

Detailed Description

This R21 application aims to clarify the neurobiological mechanisms by which change occurs during cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for major depressive disorder (MDD). This hypothesis-driven study will explore the association between the psychological constructs of psychological mindedness (PM) and mindfulness (M) during the time course of CBT for MDD, and its relationship to electrophysiological and behavioral measures of automatic (i.e. stimulus-driven or bottom-up) emotion processing. This objective is motivated by the following rationale: PM and M represent different meta-cognitive processes of self-knowledge deemed critical for emotion regulation (ER) and CBT success. Event-related potentials (ERPs) to salient affective pictures reflect different stages of motivated attention. Using advanced analytic EEG techniques, we have linked these stages to the hierarchical activation of 'emotional' brain regions along the occipitotemporal ventral stream, ranging from preconscious stimulus categorization (right secondary visual cortex, right temporoparietal junction) to conscious appraisal (posterior cingulate cortex, ventromedial cortex). Importantly, blunted ERP responses to emotionally-arousing stimuli have been observed in clinical depression, and hypoactivation of right temporoparietal and dorsolateral prefrontal regions normalize after successful antidepressant or electroconvulsive treatment. A dichotic emotion recognition test, which provides an auditory measure of bottom-up emotion processing in form of a left ear (right hemisphere) advantage for recognizing the emotional intonation of speech patterns, has revealed behavioral deficits in MDD patients. Moreover, an increased right ear advantage for verbal stimuli (left hemisphere) is seen in CBT responders. Employing a sample of 60 MDD patients randomly assigned to CBT or nonspecific supportive therapy (placebo), we will obtain psychological, electrophysiological, behavioral and clinical outcome measures of response to 12 weeks of CBT in a pre-post treatment design to determine: (1) when and where in the brain automatic emotion processing is altered by CBT; (2) if changes in emotional responding are moderated or mediated by meta-cognitive processes of self-knowledge; and, (3) if these measures, alone or in combination, have promise as markers of CBT treatment response. Existing ERP and behavioral data for healthy adults (HC) obtained using the same experimental protocols will provide normative (yardstick) data. This study brings together experienced clinical psychologists and psychiatrists doing treatment and research in depression with investigators having expertise in affective neuroscience and electrophysiological studies in MDD. It will provide a critical new step for outlining the affective-cognitive and neurophysiological mechanisms of ER by which change through CBT occurs. Apart from their theoretical relevance, the findings of this project will also aid in developing novel and more targeted interventions and in identifying patients who may benefit most from CBT for unipolar depression.

Conditions

Major Depressive Disorder

Study Design

• Observational Model Type: COHORT
• Study Time Perspective: CROSS_SECTIONAL

Study Groups

Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)

Following established procedures at the Depression Evaluation Service (DES) at New York State Psychiatri Institute (NYSPI), 12 sessions of individual manual-driven CBT (Emery, 2000) will be conducted by highly trained master degree clinicians.

Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Following established procedures at the DES at NYSPI, 12 sessions of individual manual-driven CBT (Emery, 2000) will be conducted by highly trained master degree clinicians.

Nonspecific Supportive Therapy (PBO)

As a non-CBT intervention that includes warmth, genuineness and empathy (Linde et al., 2011), nonspecific supportive therapy (PBO) will be administered in a parallel format to CBT, also consisting of 12 individual sessions.

Nonspecific Supportive Therapy (PBO)

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

As a non-CBT intervention that includes warmth, genuineness and empathy (Linde et al., 2011), nonspecific supportive therapy (PBO) will be administered in a parallel format to CBT, also consisting of 12 individual sessions.

Interventions

Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)

Following established procedures at the DES at NYSPI, 12 sessions of individual manual-driven CBT (Emery, 2000) will be conducted by highly trained master degree clinicians.

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Nonspecific Supportive Therapy (PBO)

As a non-CBT intervention that includes warmth, genuineness and empathy (Linde et al., 2011), nonspecific supportive therapy (PBO) will be administered in a parallel format to CBT, also consisting of 12 individual sessions.

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

• aged 18-65
• right-handed
• be able to speak English well enough to comprehend and comply with protocol requirements
• recruited to achieve equal gender representation (i.e. about half male) in both treatment arms
• medically healthy individuals will be included as MDD patients if they:

1. meet DSM-5 criteria for a current MDD episode based on a structured clinical interview (SCID);

2. score greater or equal to 13 on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II)

3. score greater or equal to 14 on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD)

Exclusion Criteria

• Participants are excluded for any of the following reasons or DSM-5 criteria:

1. substance abuse or dependence (including alcohol) in last 6 months;

2. positive toxicology screen as determined by blood/urine testing (e.g. thyroid dysfunction, street drug use);

3. history of schizophrenia or other current psychotic disorder;

4. MDD with psychotic or catatonic features;

5. Bipolar I, II Affective Disorder;

6. Organic Mental Disease;

7. significant suicidal ideation with a plan and intent, also assessed using the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS), that cannot be managed safely as an outpatient, or homicidal ideation (suicidality monitored throughout study);

8. a primary diagnosis of panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, psychogenic pain disorder, anorexia/bulimia, or any unstable medical condition;

9. any recent (less than or equal to 12 mos) history of CBT (as determined during an in-person interview);

10. prior seizure disorder, significant head trauma or other neurological disorders;

11. lack of capacity to give informed consent;

12. received psychotropic medication, over-the-counter antidepressant, or any non-CBT intervention (e.g. deep breathing, meditation/mindfulness, psychotherapy - except for minimal supportive nonspecific therapy PBO) for at least 1 month prior to recruitment (3 months for fluexetine);

13. hearing loss (>30 dB in either ear) or hearing asymmetry (>10 dB across ears) assessed via standard audiogram

• Minimum Eligible Age: 18 Years
• Maximum Eligible Age: 65 Years
• Eligible Sex: ALL
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Sponsors

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

NIH

Sponsor Role: collaborator

New York State Psychiatric Institute

OTHER

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

Jürgen Kayser, PhD

Research Scientist / Professor of Clinical Neurobiology

Responsibility Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

Jürgen Kayser, PhD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

NYSPI/RFM/CU

Ronit Kishon, PhD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

NYSPI/RFM/CU

Locations

New York State Psychiatric Institute

New York, New York, United States

Countries

United States

Other Identifiers

6559R

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id