Effectiveness of Immersive Virtual Reality on Biomarkers and Clinical and Clinimetric Variables in Patients with Persistent Shoulder Pain

NCT ID: NCT06795464

Last Updated: 2025-01-30

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: NOT_YET_RECRUITING
• Clinical Phase: NA
• Total Enrollment: 42 participants
• Study Classification: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2025-03-01
• Study Completion Date: 2026-02-01

Brief Summary

Shoulder pain is one of the primary reasons for seeking physiotherapy care. The high prevalence of rotator cuff-related shoulder pain underscores the need for research into novel treatment approaches that may enhance the clinical outcomes of conventional physiotherapy interventions.

Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR) has been demonstrated to serve as an effective adjunct for pain management by providing distraction and altering patients' pain perception. Specifically, when used alongside exercise, IVR has been shown to induce hypoalgesia in individuals with chronic low back pain. Additionally, IVR is emerging as a promising tool to enhance motivation and improve adherence to rehabilitation protocols, which is critical for long-term treatment implementation and achieving positive outcomes. These findings suggest that virtual reality may provide an innovative approach to managing pain in patients with rotator cuff-related shoulder pain, improving their pain experience, functionality, and quality of life.

To date, no study has directly compared the effectiveness of combining IVR with standard physiotherapy treatments versus standard treatments alone on clinical variables, clinimetric measures, and biomarkers in individuals with persistent shoulder pain related to the rotator cuff. Therefore, conducting a randomized multicenter clinical trial on this subject, facilitated by international collaboration among RIU-affiliated universities, could provide a robust foundation for implementing new technologies such as virtual reality in pain management and advancing rehabilitation strategies.

The objective of this project is as follows:

To compare the effectiveness of combining immersive virtual reality with standard physiotherapy treatment versus standard treatment alone on clinical variables, clinimetric measures, and biomarkers in individuals with persistent rotator cuff-related shoulder pain.

Detailed Description

Shoulder pain represents the third most common cause of musculoskeletal pain and the leading cause of non-traumatic upper limb pain. This condition holds significant musculoskeletal relevance, as up to 66.7% of individuals experience shoulder pain at least once in their lifetime, and symptoms persist beyond 18 months in 50% of cases, impacting daily activities at home and in the workplace. Furthermore, shoulder pain can disrupt sleep patterns and contribute to work-related challenges, such as sick leave, early retirement, or job loss. Persistent shoulder pain also imposes significant socioeconomic costs, estimated at $7 billion in the United States in 2000 and exceeding €1.5 million between 2004 and 2007 in the Canary Islands, Spain.

Physiotherapy has emerged as a promising approach for managing this condition. In Sweden, patients receiving physiotherapy as a first-line treatment generated lower total healthcare costs. Similarly, in the United States, musculoskeletal patients who initiated care with physiotherapy achieved better cost-effectiveness, required fewer sessions, and experienced greater functional recovery.

Diagnosing shoulder pain accurately remains challenging for clinicians, primarily due to inconsistencies and a lack of uniformity in diagnostic nomenclature and criteria. Consequently, diagnosis may need to rely on sub-classifications of patients with reliably reproducible characteristics. In this context, rotator cuff-related shoulder pain is consistently reported as the most prevalent diagnosis in individuals with shoulder pain.

Patients with rotator cuff-related shoulder pain often report moderate-to-severe pain intensity, limitations in daily activities, reduced range of motion, and/or loss of strength. Persistent pain in this condition is also commonly associated with psychosocial factors, such as fear of movement, pain hypervigilance, and/or loss of self-efficacy-barriers that can hinder recovery. Collectively, these factors significantly affect patients' quality of life.

A novel aspect of this project is the proposed examination of biomarkers associated with systemic inflammation and chronic pain in this clinical population, specifically C-reactive protein (CRP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). C-reactive protein is a marker of systemic inflammation, with elevated levels linked to various chronic pain conditions, suggesting an inflammatory component that may modulate pain perception and intensity in these patients. Meanwhile, CGRP is a neuropeptide involved in nociceptive signal transmission and inflammatory response modulation. Elevated CGRP levels have been documented in several chronic pain conditions, including osteoarthritis, migraines, and joint disorders, where peripheral and central sensitization processes are present.

In animal studies, CGRP has been shown to play a role in triggering neurogenic inflammation and its association with pain pathways. In conditions like rotator cuff-related shoulder pain, characterized by persistent pain, complex interactions between inflammatory processes and neurobiological mechanisms are likely to occur. Evaluating these biomarkers is particularly relevant to deepen our understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms in this patient population.

The use of virtual reality (VR) has emerged as an innovative strategy for managing patients with pain, disability, and reduced quality of life. On one hand, it can modulate the context of motor relearning, an aspect of particular relevance for individuals with persistent shoulder pain, where strength and mobility deficits are common. On the other hand, the hypoalgesic mechanisms underlying the effects of VR are multifactorial, mediated by various dimensions of the pain experience, including sensory-discriminative, affective-motivational, and evaluative-cognitive aspects, as well as motor behavior itself.

Moreover, VR appears to modulate pain perception by stimulating auditory, visual, and sensorimotor neural networks and activating descending inhibitory systems, thereby influencing pain perception. Interestingly, severe pain and disability, rather than being contraindications, may serve as indications for implementing VR.

This therapeutic approach can also be tailored to the individual needs of patients, considering factors such as functional levels, social context, and age, which may influence adaptability to the technology and, consequently, treatment adherence and outcomes.

Finally, VR has demonstrated its potential as a high-quality, cost-effective treatment option for chronic low back pain, highlighting its capacity to provide an accessible and effective alternative that reduces the economic burden on healthcare systems and patients alike.

Conditions

Shoulder Pain

Study Design

• Allocation Method: RANDOMIZED
• Intervention Model: PARALLEL
• Primary Study Purpose: TREATMENT
• Blinding Strategy: DOUBLE

Study Groups

Control group

Participants assigned to the control group will receive standard treatment for rotator cuff-related shoulder pain. This will consist of standardized therapeutic exercise performed for 25 minutes, 3 times per week, over a 12-week period. The exercise regimen will be individualized based on intensity, utilizing the Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale, with the goal of achieving intensity levels of 6-8 on a scale of 0 to 10

Group Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Exercise

Intervention Type: PROCEDURE

Participants assigned to the control group will receive standard treatment for rotator cuff-related shoulder pain. This will consist of standardized therapeutic exercise performed for 25 minutes, 3 times per week, over a 12-week period. The exercise regimen will be individualized based on intensity, utilizing the Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale, with the goal of achieving intensity levels of 6-8 on a scale of 0 to 10.

Experimental group

Participants in the experimental group will follow a treatment program that combines standard care with an immersive virtual reality (IVR) intervention. During the first 4 weeks, participants will undergo the IVR intervention, followed by the same standard treatment as the control group for the subsequent 8 weeks.

IVR Intervention Protocol:

Sessions and Equipment: Participants will attend up to 12 IVR sessions using a head-mounted device (HMD), the Meta Quest III, equipped with a hand-tracking system (Meta VR, Facebook, California) to enable interaction with the therapeutic software Dynamics PainRehab (Dynamics VR Rehab, Seville, Spain). The Meta Quest III HMD is chosen for its commercial availability, widespread use, minimal visual latency, and user-friendly interface. The software application, "Hombro PainRehab," features multisensory inputs (vision and sound), high-quality graphics, head and hand tracking, and provides a highly immersive experience. The IVR intervention incorporat

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Immersive Virtual Reality

Intervention Type: DEVICE

Participants in the experimental group will follow a treatment program that combines standard care with an immersive virtual reality (IVR) intervention. During the first 4 weeks, participants will undergo the IVR intervention, followed by the same standard treatment as the control group for the subsequent 8 weeks.

IVR Intervention Protocol:

Sessions and Equipment: Participants will attend up to 12 IVR sessions using a head-mounted device (HMD), the Meta Quest III, equipped with a hand-tracking system (Meta VR, Facebook, California) to enable interaction with the therapeutic software Dynamics PainRehab (Dynamics VR Rehab, Seville, Spain). The Meta Quest III HMD is chosen for its commercial availability, widespread use, minimal visual latency, and user-friendly interface. The software application, "Hombro PainRehab," features multisensory inputs (vision and sound), high-quality graphics, head and hand tracking, and provides a highly immersive experience. The IVR intervention incorporate

Exercise

Intervention Type: PROCEDURE

Participants assigned to the control group will receive standard treatment for rotator cuff-related shoulder pain. This will consist of standardized therapeutic exercise performed for 25 minutes, 3 times per week, over a 12-week period. The exercise regimen will be individualized based on intensity, utilizing the Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale, with the goal of achieving intensity levels of 6-8 on a scale of 0 to 10.

Interventions

Immersive Virtual Reality

Participants in the experimental group will follow a treatment program that combines standard care with an immersive virtual reality (IVR) intervention. During the first 4 weeks, participants will undergo the IVR intervention, followed by the same standard treatment as the control group for the subsequent 8 weeks.

IVR Intervention Protocol:

Sessions and Equipment: Participants will attend up to 12 IVR sessions using a head-mounted device (HMD), the Meta Quest III, equipped with a hand-tracking system (Meta VR, Facebook, California) to enable interaction with the therapeutic software Dynamics PainRehab (Dynamics VR Rehab, Seville, Spain). The Meta Quest III HMD is chosen for its commercial availability, widespread use, minimal visual latency, and user-friendly interface. The software application, "Hombro PainRehab," features multisensory inputs (vision and sound), high-quality graphics, head and hand tracking, and provides a highly immersive experience. The IVR intervention incorporate

Intervention Type: DEVICE

Exercise

Participants assigned to the control group will receive standard treatment for rotator cuff-related shoulder pain. This will consist of standardized therapeutic exercise performed for 25 minutes, 3 times per week, over a 12-week period. The exercise regimen will be individualized based on intensity, utilizing the Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale, with the goal of achieving intensity levels of 6-8 on a scale of 0 to 10.

Intervention Type: PROCEDURE

Other Intervention Names

virtual reality

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

• Age between 18 and 70 years.
• Shoulder pain persisting for at least six months.
• Presence of shoulder pain during movement.
• Clinical diagnosis of rotator cuff-related shoulder pain.
• Willingness to participate in the study and signing of informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria

• Shoulder pain related to cervical spine conditions.
• Presence of pain in the elbow, wrist, and/or hand.
• Clinical diagnosis of frozen shoulder.
• Clinical diagnosis of shoulder instability.
• Cognitive impairments.
• Concomitant physiotherapy treatments during the study period.
• History of trauma associated with the onset of shoulder pain.
• Previous fractures in the affected shoulder.
• Prior surgeries in the affected shoulder.
• Use of analgesic or anti-inflammatory medications within 24 hours prior to study participation.

Presence of rheumatic or neurological diseases.

• Minimum Eligible Age: 18 Years
• Maximum Eligible Age: 70 Years
• Eligible Sex: ALL
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Sponsors

Universidad Francisco de Vitoria

OTHER

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

Alberto Roldán

PhD

Responsibility Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Locations

Universidad Francisco de Vitoria

Madrid, Madrid, Spain

Countries

Spain

Central Contacts

Alberto Roldán Ruiz, PhD

Role: CONTACT

alberto.roldan@ufv.es

+34657608266

Facility Contacts

Alberto Roldán Ruiz, PhD

Role: primary

alberto.roldan@ufv.es

+34657608266

References

Ahmadpour N, Randall H, Choksi H, Gao A, Vaughan C, Poronnik P. Virtual Reality interventions for acute and chronic pain management. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2019 Sep;114:105568. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.105568. Epub 2019 Jul 12.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 31306747 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

UFV-2025/

Identifier Type: OTHER_GRANT

Identifier Source: secondary_id

SHOULDERVIRTUALREALITY

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id