Multiparametric MRI in a Prospective Cohort of Living Kidney Donors, Recipients, and Healthy Controls: Correlations With Markers of Renal Function, Fibrosis and Ageing
NCT ID: NCT06210555
Last Updated: 2025-07-28
Study Results
Results pending
The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.
Basic Information
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Recruitment Status
RECRUITING
Total Enrollment
96 participants
Study Classification
OBSERVATIONAL
Study Start Date
2024-10-29
Study Completion Date
2029-08-01
Brief Summary
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Development of renal fibrosis is the irreversible culmination of various renal diseases and independently predicts adverse outcomes. Currently renal fibrosis can only be diagnosed by performing a renal biopsy. The procedure is invasive and is limited by sampling bias.
In recent years there has been a significant development in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based techniques. MRI can provide highly detailed anatomical images. Other MRI measures allow quantitative measurements of perfusion, oxygenation, tissue stiffness and diffusion of water molecules within tissue. The combination of several MRI techniques sensitive to different biophysical tissue properties in a single scan session is referred to as multiparametric MRI (mpMRI).
Emerging evidence suggests that mpMRI could represent a method for indirect characterization of renal microstructure and extent of fibrosis. So far, studies performed in living kidney donors and recipients have been mostly cross-sectional. For mpMRI to transition to the clinical setting there is a need for validation of MRI-based measures with currently used reference methods for quantifying renal function and fibrosis.
The aim of this longitudinal observational study in a cohort of living kidney donors, recipients and healthy controls is to investigate the utility of repeated mpMRI over a period of 2 years. MRI-based measures will be compared to current reference methods for quantifying renal function and fibrosis.
The investigators hypothesize that there will be significant correlations between MRI-based measures, renal function determined by precise measurement of glomerular filtration rate and extent of fibrosis determined by renal biopsy. MRI-based measures are expected to be predictive of renal function decline and development of renal fibrosis.
This study could provide valuable data that will be helpful in moving the field of renal mpMRI forward, with the goal of providing a novel and non-invasive method for the diagnosis of renal pathology.
In recent years there has been a significant development in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based techniques. MRI can provide highly detailed anatomical images. Other MRI measures allow quantitative measurements of perfusion, oxygenation, tissue stiffness and diffusion of water molecules within tissue. The combination of several MRI techniques sensitive to different biophysical tissue properties in a single scan session is referred to as multiparametric MRI (mpMRI).
Emerging evidence suggests that mpMRI could represent a method for indirect characterization of renal microstructure and extent of fibrosis. So far, studies performed in living kidney donors and recipients have been mostly cross-sectional. For mpMRI to transition to the clinical setting there is a need for validation of MRI-based measures with currently used reference methods for quantifying renal function and fibrosis.
The aim of this longitudinal observational study in a cohort of living kidney donors, recipients and healthy controls is to investigate the utility of repeated mpMRI over a period of 2 years. MRI-based measures will be compared to current reference methods for quantifying renal function and fibrosis.
The investigators hypothesize that there will be significant correlations between MRI-based measures, renal function determined by precise measurement of glomerular filtration rate and extent of fibrosis determined by renal biopsy. MRI-based measures are expected to be predictive of renal function decline and development of renal fibrosis.
This study could provide valuable data that will be helpful in moving the field of renal mpMRI forward, with the goal of providing a novel and non-invasive method for the diagnosis of renal pathology.
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Detailed Description
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Development of renal fibrosis is a characteristic end point of various renal diseases and independently predicts adverse renal outcomes. The most common cause of kidney allograft failure after 1 year is chronic allograft nephropathy which is characterized by interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. At present the only method for quantifying renal fibrosis is a renal biopsy. Although the risk of complications is relatively low, the procedure is invasive, limiting its use for repeated assessments in a clinical setting. Furthermore, as only the renal cortex is usually sampled and because of the miniscule amount of tissue obtained there are issues of sampling bias and information on total renal fibrosis is limited. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is widely used for monitoring renal function but is insensitive for detecting allograft fibrosis.
Epidemiological data suggests that living kidney donors (LKD) are at increased risk of end stage renal disease compared to matched non-donors. Lower predonation renal function and higher age accentuate the risk. In a recent prospective study, renal cortex volume predicted renal outcome after 1 year in LKD.
In recent years there has been a rapid development in renal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, allowing assessment of total renal morphology, microstructure, hemodynamics, oxygenation, and diffusion of water. Multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) refers to the combination of several MRI-based measures sensitive to different biophysical tissue properties in a single scan session. The information obtained could possibly provide a means of characterizing several aspects of renal function and morphology.
The MRI based measures that show the greatest promise for clinical application are longitudinal relaxation time (T1), diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), blood oxygen-level dependent imaging (BOLD) and arterial spin labelling (ASL). In a cross-sectional study, patients with chronic kidney disease (n=22) and healthy volunteers (n=22) were assessed with MRI-based measures and renal biopsy. MRI based measures were reproducible and correlated with currently used methods for measuring renal function. Significant differences were found in T1-mapping, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and ASL in persons with low and high degrees of renal fibrosis. In another cross-sectional study (n = 164) the corticomedullary ADC difference was highly correlated to and independently associated with renal fibrosis in both native kidneys and allografts. In a more recent prospective study, the corticomedullary ADC difference was predictive of kidney function decline and dialysis initiation in transplant recipients and patients with CKD. Reduced oxygenation determined by low BOLD has been linked to the progression rate of chronic kidney disease. Interestingly, a study found that diffusion-based MRI measures detected an increase in allograft fibrosis before apparent changes in the estimated glomerular filtration rate.
Before mpMRI of the kidneys can be utilized in the clinical setting there is a need for development of a larger evidence base. To date clinical studies employing MRI-based measures have been mostly cross-sectional. So far, only few studies have been performed in living kidney donors (LKD) and renal transplant recipients. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have been performed with long term follow-up including repeated mpMRI, renal biopsies and accurate measurement of glomerular filtration rate with DTPA clearance. Repeated imaging is necessary to establish how MRI-based measures change over time in association with currently used reference methods for quantifying renal function and fibrosis.
Accelerated renal ageing trough p16INK4a pathway activation, leading to cellular senescence, is involved in the development of renal fibrosis. Senescent cells are characterized by irreversible growth arrest and express a pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic senescent associated secretory phenotype (SASP). This biochemical footprint can be detected by immunohistochemistry and may be predictive of renal fibrosis in chronic kidney disease and renal transplantation.
Serum uromodulin (sUmod) and urinary epidermal growth factor (uEGF) originate from kidney tubules and may reflect functional nephron mass and are associated with renal function decline and fibrosis.
Klotho, which was initially known as an anti-ageing gene is expressed on the cell surface membranes of proximal and distal tubules. Decreasing levels of soluble klotho accompany chronic kidney disease and have been linked to the development of renal fibrosis.
The overall aim of this prospective follow-up study is to investigate the utility of repeated mpMRI and biomarkers in monitoring renal function and for detecting the development of fibrosis in renal allografts. MRI-based measures and biomarkers of renal ageing and fibrosis will be compared to current gold standard methods for characterizing and quantifying renal function and fibrosis in a cohort of LKD, recipients and healthy controls.
This is an exploratory study. A novel and unstandardized MRI patch consisting of multiple MRI-based measures performed in a single scan will be utilized. Specific data to inform estimates of accuracy and variance for this method is not available. Calculations of power and sample size are thus challenging to perform. Furthermore, published data on the relationships between MRI-based measures and fibrosis are heterogenous regarding the methods used for quantifying fibrosis histologically and thresholds for fibrosis.
The prevalence of fibrosis in renal allografts, which is of primary interest is expected to increase from baseline to the final visit. Based on previous work it is expected that 40-50 % of renal allografts will have significant levels of fibrosis after 2 years. It is however possible, that present levels of fibrosis in allografts are lower than previous due to optimized immunosuppressive regimens.
Several power calculations have been performed. Effect sizes have been based on prior published data on the difference and variance of ASL and ADC values in patients with different levels of fibrosis. With a power of 0.8 and an alpha of 0.05 it is estimated that a sample size n = 32 will be adequate to detect fibrosis at a threshold of 40%.
During the inclusion period LKD and recipients from Aalborg- and Aarhus University Hospital will be offered to participate in the study. Currently approximately 30-35 living donor pairs are transplanted annually. During the inclusion period of 2 years, the investigators aim to include 40 living donors and recipients. With an expected drop-out of 20% 32 living donors and recipients are expected to complete the study.
Multiparametric MRI mpMRI will be performed according to standard operating procedure in the Department of Diagnostic imaging at the participating hospitals.
The mpMRI scan protocol will be performed on a 3 Tesla MRI scanner (General Electrics (GE) Healthcare) and includes the following MRI measures:
* Structural T2 and/or T1 weighted renal MRI (for volumetric measurement)
* Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) with b-values 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 70, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 800 s/mm2
* T1- and T2-mapping
* BOLD MRI with T2\*
* ASL perfusion
* Non-contrast Magnetic Resonance Angiography
* Quantitative flow measurements in the renal arteries
Scan time is approximately 60 minutes. During this time participants will be required to lie still in the supine position. Participants will be required to fast for 3 hours prior to the scan.
Postprocessing of MRI data will be done with the aid of commercially available software and analysis software developed in-house in collaboration with Aalborg- and Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus university.
99mTc-DTPA clearance is a method for accurately measuring GFR. The DTPA clearance will be performed according to standard operating procedure at the Departments of Diagnostic Imaging at the participating hospitals.
Allograft biopsy Biopsies will be obtained using 18G needle and fixed in phosphate-buffered 4% formaldehyde and embedded in paraffin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, and Masson trichrome.
Quantitative histological evaluation will be used to evaluate biopsies using and Olympus BX50 light microscope (Olympus Denmark, Ballerup, Denmark) equipped with a prior motorized stage, and Olympus DP70 digital camera interfaced to a PC with commercially available newCAST software (Visiopharm, Hørsholm, Denmark).
Extent of fibrosis will be quantified by systematic evaluation of scattered test points (≈100) across the Masson trichrome-stained sections using a x4 lens (NA 0.13) (29).
Additionally, biopsies will be evaluated for markers of renal ageing and fibrosis:
* p16INK4a pathway activation
* klotho
* additional markers of renal ageing and fibrosis
Blood- and urine samples Hemoglobin, hematocrit, leukocytes, platelets, CRP, creatinine, eGFR, urea, sodium, potassium, total phosphate, bicarbonate, ionized calcium, total magnesium, intact PTH, alkaline phosphatase, glucose, soluble klotho and sUmod.
A spot urine sample will be used for the determination of u-albumin/creatinine ratio, glucose, leucocytes, nitrite, blood and uEGF.
Epidemiological data suggests that living kidney donors (LKD) are at increased risk of end stage renal disease compared to matched non-donors. Lower predonation renal function and higher age accentuate the risk. In a recent prospective study, renal cortex volume predicted renal outcome after 1 year in LKD.
In recent years there has been a rapid development in renal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, allowing assessment of total renal morphology, microstructure, hemodynamics, oxygenation, and diffusion of water. Multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) refers to the combination of several MRI-based measures sensitive to different biophysical tissue properties in a single scan session. The information obtained could possibly provide a means of characterizing several aspects of renal function and morphology.
The MRI based measures that show the greatest promise for clinical application are longitudinal relaxation time (T1), diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), blood oxygen-level dependent imaging (BOLD) and arterial spin labelling (ASL). In a cross-sectional study, patients with chronic kidney disease (n=22) and healthy volunteers (n=22) were assessed with MRI-based measures and renal biopsy. MRI based measures were reproducible and correlated with currently used methods for measuring renal function. Significant differences were found in T1-mapping, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and ASL in persons with low and high degrees of renal fibrosis. In another cross-sectional study (n = 164) the corticomedullary ADC difference was highly correlated to and independently associated with renal fibrosis in both native kidneys and allografts. In a more recent prospective study, the corticomedullary ADC difference was predictive of kidney function decline and dialysis initiation in transplant recipients and patients with CKD. Reduced oxygenation determined by low BOLD has been linked to the progression rate of chronic kidney disease. Interestingly, a study found that diffusion-based MRI measures detected an increase in allograft fibrosis before apparent changes in the estimated glomerular filtration rate.
Before mpMRI of the kidneys can be utilized in the clinical setting there is a need for development of a larger evidence base. To date clinical studies employing MRI-based measures have been mostly cross-sectional. So far, only few studies have been performed in living kidney donors (LKD) and renal transplant recipients. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have been performed with long term follow-up including repeated mpMRI, renal biopsies and accurate measurement of glomerular filtration rate with DTPA clearance. Repeated imaging is necessary to establish how MRI-based measures change over time in association with currently used reference methods for quantifying renal function and fibrosis.
Accelerated renal ageing trough p16INK4a pathway activation, leading to cellular senescence, is involved in the development of renal fibrosis. Senescent cells are characterized by irreversible growth arrest and express a pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic senescent associated secretory phenotype (SASP). This biochemical footprint can be detected by immunohistochemistry and may be predictive of renal fibrosis in chronic kidney disease and renal transplantation.
Serum uromodulin (sUmod) and urinary epidermal growth factor (uEGF) originate from kidney tubules and may reflect functional nephron mass and are associated with renal function decline and fibrosis.
Klotho, which was initially known as an anti-ageing gene is expressed on the cell surface membranes of proximal and distal tubules. Decreasing levels of soluble klotho accompany chronic kidney disease and have been linked to the development of renal fibrosis.
The overall aim of this prospective follow-up study is to investigate the utility of repeated mpMRI and biomarkers in monitoring renal function and for detecting the development of fibrosis in renal allografts. MRI-based measures and biomarkers of renal ageing and fibrosis will be compared to current gold standard methods for characterizing and quantifying renal function and fibrosis in a cohort of LKD, recipients and healthy controls.
This is an exploratory study. A novel and unstandardized MRI patch consisting of multiple MRI-based measures performed in a single scan will be utilized. Specific data to inform estimates of accuracy and variance for this method is not available. Calculations of power and sample size are thus challenging to perform. Furthermore, published data on the relationships between MRI-based measures and fibrosis are heterogenous regarding the methods used for quantifying fibrosis histologically and thresholds for fibrosis.
The prevalence of fibrosis in renal allografts, which is of primary interest is expected to increase from baseline to the final visit. Based on previous work it is expected that 40-50 % of renal allografts will have significant levels of fibrosis after 2 years. It is however possible, that present levels of fibrosis in allografts are lower than previous due to optimized immunosuppressive regimens.
Several power calculations have been performed. Effect sizes have been based on prior published data on the difference and variance of ASL and ADC values in patients with different levels of fibrosis. With a power of 0.8 and an alpha of 0.05 it is estimated that a sample size n = 32 will be adequate to detect fibrosis at a threshold of 40%.
During the inclusion period LKD and recipients from Aalborg- and Aarhus University Hospital will be offered to participate in the study. Currently approximately 30-35 living donor pairs are transplanted annually. During the inclusion period of 2 years, the investigators aim to include 40 living donors and recipients. With an expected drop-out of 20% 32 living donors and recipients are expected to complete the study.
Multiparametric MRI mpMRI will be performed according to standard operating procedure in the Department of Diagnostic imaging at the participating hospitals.
The mpMRI scan protocol will be performed on a 3 Tesla MRI scanner (General Electrics (GE) Healthcare) and includes the following MRI measures:
* Structural T2 and/or T1 weighted renal MRI (for volumetric measurement)
* Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) with b-values 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 70, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 800 s/mm2
* T1- and T2-mapping
* BOLD MRI with T2\*
* ASL perfusion
* Non-contrast Magnetic Resonance Angiography
* Quantitative flow measurements in the renal arteries
Scan time is approximately 60 minutes. During this time participants will be required to lie still in the supine position. Participants will be required to fast for 3 hours prior to the scan.
Postprocessing of MRI data will be done with the aid of commercially available software and analysis software developed in-house in collaboration with Aalborg- and Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus university.
99mTc-DTPA clearance is a method for accurately measuring GFR. The DTPA clearance will be performed according to standard operating procedure at the Departments of Diagnostic Imaging at the participating hospitals.
Allograft biopsy Biopsies will be obtained using 18G needle and fixed in phosphate-buffered 4% formaldehyde and embedded in paraffin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, and Masson trichrome.
Quantitative histological evaluation will be used to evaluate biopsies using and Olympus BX50 light microscope (Olympus Denmark, Ballerup, Denmark) equipped with a prior motorized stage, and Olympus DP70 digital camera interfaced to a PC with commercially available newCAST software (Visiopharm, Hørsholm, Denmark).
Extent of fibrosis will be quantified by systematic evaluation of scattered test points (≈100) across the Masson trichrome-stained sections using a x4 lens (NA 0.13) (29).
Additionally, biopsies will be evaluated for markers of renal ageing and fibrosis:
* p16INK4a pathway activation
* klotho
* additional markers of renal ageing and fibrosis
Blood- and urine samples Hemoglobin, hematocrit, leukocytes, platelets, CRP, creatinine, eGFR, urea, sodium, potassium, total phosphate, bicarbonate, ionized calcium, total magnesium, intact PTH, alkaline phosphatase, glucose, soluble klotho and sUmod.
A spot urine sample will be used for the determination of u-albumin/creatinine ratio, glucose, leucocytes, nitrite, blood and uEGF.
Conditions
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Kidney Transplantation
Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Living Donors
Renal Fibrosis
Senescence
Study Design
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Observational Model Type
COHORT
Study Time Perspective
PROSPECTIVE
Study Groups
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Living kidney donors
Living kidney donors
Living kidney donation
Intervention Type
PROCEDURE
Operative procedure - donation of a kidney
Transplant recipients
Recipients of kidneys from living donors
Renal transplantation
Intervention Type
PROCEDURE
Operative procedure - receipt of a kidney
Healthy controls
Age- and sex matched healthy controls (Living kidney donors)
No interventions assigned to this group
Interventions
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Renal transplantation
Operative procedure - receipt of a kidney
Intervention Type
PROCEDURE
Living kidney donation
Operative procedure - donation of a kidney
Intervention Type
PROCEDURE
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* Approved as a living kidney donor or recipient of a kidney from a living donor.
* Able to cooperate to an MRI examination
* Office BP \< 140/90 mmHg. (use of 1 antihypertensive drug allowed)
* Normal eGFR. (CKD-EPI)
* Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio \< 30 mg/g.
* Dipstick negative for hematuria and proteinuria.
* Able to cooperate to an MRI examination.
* Able to cooperate to an MRI examination
* Office BP \< 140/90 mmHg. (use of 1 antihypertensive drug allowed)
* Normal eGFR. (CKD-EPI)
* Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio \< 30 mg/g.
* Dipstick negative for hematuria and proteinuria.
* Able to cooperate to an MRI examination.
Exclusion Criteria
* Contraindications to MRI due to incompatible foreign objects.
* Severe claustrophobia
Healthy controls:
* Contraindications to MRI due to incompatible foreign objects.
* Severe claustrophobia.
* Pregnancy.
* Condition(s) that would exclude living kidney donation.
* Severe claustrophobia
Healthy controls:
* Contraindications to MRI due to incompatible foreign objects.
* Severe claustrophobia.
* Pregnancy.
* Condition(s) that would exclude living kidney donation.
Minimum Eligible Age
18 Years
Maximum Eligible Age
80 Years
Eligible Sex
ALL
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Yes
Sponsors
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Aarhus University Hospital
OTHER
Sponsor Role
collaborator
Patrick Schjelderup
OTHER
Sponsor Role
lead
Responsible Party
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Patrick Schjelderup
Principal Investigator
Responsibility Role
SPONSOR_INVESTIGATOR
Principal Investigators
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Patrick Schjelderup, MD
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Aalborg University Hospital
Locations
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Department of Renal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital
Aarhus, Central Jutland, Denmark
Site Status
RECRUITING
Department of Nephrology, Aalborg University Hospital
Aalborg, North Denmark, Denmark
Site Status
RECRUITING
Countries
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Denmark
Central Contacts
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Facility Contacts
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References
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Nath KA. Tubulointerstitial changes as a major determinant in the progression of renal damage. Am J Kidney Dis. 1992 Jul;20(1):1-17. doi: 10.1016/s0272-6386(12)80312-x.
Reference Type
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Eknoyan G, McDonald MA, Appel D, Truong LD. Chronic tubulo-interstitial nephritis: correlation between structural and functional findings. Kidney Int. 1990 Oct;38(4):736-43. doi: 10.1038/ki.1990.266. No abstract available.
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Park WD, Griffin MD, Cornell LD, Cosio FG, Stegall MD. Fibrosis with inflammation at one year predicts transplant functional decline. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010 Nov;21(11):1987-97. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2010010049. Epub 2010 Sep 2.
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Vadivel N, Tullius SG, Chandraker A. Chronic allograft nephropathy. Semin Nephrol. 2007 Jul;27(4):414-29. doi: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2007.03.004.
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BACKGROUND
O'Keeffe LM, Ramond A, Oliver-Williams C, Willeit P, Paige E, Trotter P, Evans J, Wadstrom J, Nicholson M, Collett D, Di Angelantonio E. Mid- and Long-Term Health Risks in Living Kidney Donors: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2018 Feb 20;168(4):276-284. doi: 10.7326/M17-1235. Epub 2018 Jan 30.
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BACKGROUND
Buus NH, Nielsen CM, Skov K, Ibsen L, Krag S, Nyengaard JR. Prediction of Renal Function in Living Kidney Donors and Recipients of Living Donor Kidneys Using Quantitative Histology. Transplantation. 2023 Jan 1;107(1):264-273. doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000004266. Epub 2022 Jul 27.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Cox EF, Buchanan CE, Bradley CR, Prestwich B, Mahmoud H, Taal M, Selby NM, Francis ST. Multiparametric Renal Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Validation, Interventions, and Alterations in Chronic Kidney Disease. Front Physiol. 2017 Sep 14;8:696. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00696. eCollection 2017.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Caroli A, Pruijm M, Burnier M, Selby NM. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the kidneys: where do we stand? The perspective of the European COST Action PARENCHIMA. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2018 Sep 1;33(suppl_2):ii1-ii3. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfy181. No abstract available.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Simms R, Sourbron S. Recent findings on the clinical utility of renal magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2020 Jun 1;35(6):915-919. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfaa125. No abstract available.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Francis ST, Selby NM, Taal MW. Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Evaluate Kidney Structure, Function, and Pathology: Moving Toward Clinical Application. Am J Kidney Dis. 2023 Oct;82(4):491-504. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2023.02.007. Epub 2023 May 13.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Buchanan CE, Mahmoud H, Cox EF, McCulloch T, Prestwich BL, Taal MW, Selby NM, Francis ST. Quantitative assessment of renal structural and functional changes in chronic kidney disease using multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2020 Jun 1;35(6):955-964. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfz129.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Berchtold L, Friedli I, Crowe LA, Martinez C, Moll S, Hadaya K, de Perrot T, Combescure C, Martin PY, Vallee JP, de Seigneux S. Validation of the corticomedullary difference in magnetic resonance imaging-derived apparent diffusion coefficient for kidney fibrosis detection: a cross-sectional study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2020 Jun 1;35(6):937-945. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfy389.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Sugiyama K, Inoue T, Kozawa E, Ishikawa M, Shimada A, Kobayashi N, Tanaka J, Okada H. Reduced oxygenation but not fibrosis defined by functional magnetic resonance imaging predicts the long-term progression of chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2020 Jun 1;35(6):964-970. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfy324.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Berchtold L, Crowe LA, Friedli I, Legouis D, Moll S, de Perrot T, Martin PY, Vallee JP, de Seigneux S. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging detects an increase in interstitial fibrosis earlier than the decline of renal function. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2020 Jul 1;35(7):1274-1276. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfaa007. No abstract available.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Selby NM, Blankestijn PJ, Boor P, Combe C, Eckardt KU, Eikefjord E, Garcia-Fernandez N, Golay X, Gordon I, Grenier N, Hockings PD, Jensen JD, Joles JA, Kalra PA, Kramer BK, Mark PB, Mendichovszky IA, Nikolic O, Odudu A, Ong ACM, Ortiz A, Pruijm M, Remuzzi G, Rorvik J, de Seigneux S, Simms RJ, Slatinska J, Summers P, Taal MW, Thoeny HC, Vallee JP, Wolf M, Caroli A, Sourbron S. Magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers for chronic kidney disease: a position paper from the European Cooperation in Science and Technology Action PARENCHIMA. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2018 Sep 1;33(suppl_2):ii4-ii14. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfy152.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Docherty MH, O'Sullivan ED, Bonventre JV, Ferenbach DA. Cellular Senescence in the Kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019 May;30(5):726-736. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2018121251. Epub 2019 Apr 18.
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van Deursen JM. The role of senescent cells in ageing. Nature. 2014 May 22;509(7501):439-46. doi: 10.1038/nature13193.
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Melk A, Schmidt BM, Vongwiwatana A, Rayner DC, Halloran PF. Increased expression of senescence-associated cell cycle inhibitor p16INK4a in deteriorating renal transplants and diseased native kidney. Am J Transplant. 2005 Jun;5(6):1375-82. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.00846.x.
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Chan J, Svensson M, Tannaes TM, Waldum-Grevbo B, Jenssen T, Eide IA. Associations of Serum Uromodulin and Urinary Epidermal Growth Factor with Measured Glomerular Filtration Rate and Interstitial Fibrosis in Kidney Transplantation. Am J Nephrol. 2022;53(2-3):108-117. doi: 10.1159/000521757. Epub 2022 Feb 1.
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BACKGROUND
Yepes-Calderon M, Sotomayor CG, Kretzler M, Gans ROB, Berger SP, Navis GJ, Ju W, Bakker SJL. Urinary Epidermal Growth Factor/Creatinine Ratio and Graft Failure in Renal Transplant Recipients: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Clin Med. 2019 Oct 13;8(10):1673. doi: 10.3390/jcm8101673.
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Kottgen A, Hwang SJ, Larson MG, Van Eyk JE, Fu Q, Benjamin EJ, Dehghan A, Glazer NL, Kao WH, Harris TB, Gudnason V, Shlipak MG, Yang Q, Coresh J, Levy D, Fox CS. Uromodulin levels associate with a common UMOD variant and risk for incident CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010 Feb;21(2):337-44. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2009070725. Epub 2009 Dec 3.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Scherberich JE, Gruber R, Nockher WA, Christensen EI, Schmitt H, Herbst V, Block M, Kaden J, Schlumberger W. Serum uromodulin-a marker of kidney function and renal parenchymal integrity. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2018 Feb 1;33(2):284-295. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfw422.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Cho NJ, Han DJ, Lee JH, Jang SH, Kang JS, Gil HW, Park S, Lee EY. Soluble klotho as a marker of renal fibrosis and podocyte injuries in human kidneys. PLoS One. 2018 Mar 28;13(3):e0194617. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194617. eCollection 2018.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Buchanan S, Combet E, Stenvinkel P, Shiels PG. Klotho, Aging, and the Failing Kidney. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020 Aug 27;11:560. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00560. eCollection 2020.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Nankivell BJ, Borrows RJ, Fung CL, O'Connell PJ, Allen RD, Chapman JR. The natural history of chronic allograft nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2003 Dec 11;349(24):2326-33. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa020009.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Stegall MD, Park WD, Larson TS, Gloor JM, Cornell LD, Sethi S, Dean PG, Prieto M, Amer H, Textor S, Schwab T, Cosio FG. The histology of solitary renal allografts at 1 and 5 years after transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2011 Apr;11(4):698-707. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03312.x. Epub 2010 Nov 9.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Other Identifiers
Review additional registry numbers or institutional identifiers associated with this trial.
Protocol_v2
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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