Yoga Versus Yoga Plus Mindfulness on Perceived Stress and Mindful Attention Awareness in a Chiropractic College Setting

NCT ID: NCT05595785

Last Updated: 2022-11-03

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: COMPLETED
• Clinical Phase: NA
• Total Enrollment: 63 participants
• Study Classification: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Start Date: 1917-01-23
• Study Completion Date: 1918-01-22

Brief Summary

Objective: The purpose of the study was to compare the effects of different types of yoga practices on mindfulness and stress levels reported by students, faculty, and staff at a health professional school. Including mindfulness cues (body scan, mindful movement, and yoga nidra) with Bishnu Gosh lineage hatha yoga as taught by Mary Jarvis may have additive therapeutic effects on mindfulness and stress.

Methods: This was a quasi-experimental pre-post test design. Sixty-three individuals qualified for the study and were randomized in a 1:1 allocation ratio of matched pairs into either a physical-based yoga practice (Yoga Group, n = 31) or a mindfulness-based yoga practice (Yoga + Mindfulness Group, n = 32). Participants attended two 50-minute class sessions per week during the four-week intervention phase. The primary outcomes were the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) and the 15-item Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS).

Detailed Description

Objective: The purpose of the study was to compare the effects of different types of yoga practices on mindfulness and stress levels reported by students, faculty, and staff at a health professional school. Including mindfulness cues (body scan, mindful movement, and yoga nidra) with Bishnu Gosh lineage hatha yoga as taught by Mary Jarvis may have additive therapeutic effects on mindfulness and stress.

Methods: This was a quasi-experimental pre-post test design. Sixty-three individuals qualified for the study and were randomized in a 1:1 allocation ratio of matched pairs into either a physical-based yoga practice (Yoga Group, n = 31) or a mindfulness-based yoga practice (Yoga + Mindfulness Group, n = 32). Participants attended two 50-minute class sessions per week during the four-week intervention phase. A sample size of 30 participants per class was deemed appropriate based upon the assumption of normality and the central limit theorem underlying the mathematics of inferential statistics.

The yoga class sessions included the physical postures of yoga with an emphasis on alignment, holding postures, and breathing normally. Throughout the yoga class session, the instructor demonstrated the performances of the physical postures. While participants were performing the physical postures, the instructor provided verbal alignment cues to the participants. As needed, the instructor also demonstrated postural modifications, which allowed all participants to perform all physical postures. Each class session sequentially included the following physical postures of yoga: (1) standing in stillness; (2) pranayama deep breathing and warm up; (3) standing series- balance postures, wide leg postures; (4) transition from the standing postures to the floor postures with tree pose; (5) floor series - wind removing, sit up movements, cobra posture, kneeling postures; (6) cool down-stretching, spine twist, Kapalbhati breathing, and Savasana.

The Yoga + Mindfulness class sessions included all elements of the yoga class session described above with the addition of mindfulness cues. The mindfulness cues included body scan, mindful movement, and yoga nidra. Beyond verbal physical cues on how to control breathing and perform precise body movements during the yoga postures, verbal mindfulness cues asked participants to focus on the sensations of their breathing and body awareness non judgmentally, e.g. Feel your breathe move in through your nose and fill your lungs from bottom to top. Feel your breath exit the nose and empty lungs from top to bottom. Keep your attention on your breath and your body. In general, the instructor reminded the participants throughout the Yoga + Mindfulness class session to "feel the sensation of ..."or "keep your attention on ..."as the instructor provided the alignment cues.

The primary outcomes were pre-post changes in the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) and the 15-item Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS).

Conditions

Occupational Stress

Study Design

• Allocation Method: RANDOMIZED
• Intervention Model: PARALLEL
• Primary Study Purpose: OTHER
• Blinding Strategy: SINGLE

Study Groups

Physical-Based Yoga Practice

Participants attended two 50-minute class sessions per week during the four week intervention phase.

The physical-based yoga practice was Bishnu Ghosh lineage hatha yoga as taught by Mary Jarvis. The yoga class sessions included the physical postures of yoga with an emphasis on alignment, holding postures, and breathing normally.

Each yoga class session sequentially included the following physical postures of yoga: (1) standing in stillness; (2) pranayama deep breathing and warm up; (3) standing series- balance postures, wide leg postures; (4) transition from the standing postures to the floor postures with tree pose; (5) floor series - wind removing, sit up movements, cobra posture, kneeling postures; (6) cool down-stretching, spine twist, Kapalbhati breathing, and Savasana.

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Physical-Based Yoga Practice

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Physical-based yoga classes emphasized Bishnu Ghosh lineage hatha yoga. The 50 minute yoga classes were twice per week for four weeks. The yoga instructor had certifications in both Bikram and Amrit yoga practices and training in Bishnu Ghosh lineage hatha yoga as taught by Mary Jarvis

Mindfulness-Based Yoga Practice

Participants attended two 50-minute class sessions per week during the four week intervention phase.

The mindfulness-based yoga practice included all elements of the physical-based yoga class sessions with the addition of mindfulness cues.

The mindfulness cues included body scan, mindful movement, and yoga nidra. Beyond verbal physical cues on how to control breathing and perform precise body movements during the yoga postures, verbal mindfulness cues asked participants to focus on the sensations of their breathing and body awareness non judgmentally, e.g. Feel your breathe move in through your nose and fill your lungs from bottom to top. Feel your breath exit the nose and empty lungs from top to bottom. Keep your attention on your breath and your body.

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Mindfulness-Based Yoga Practice

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

The mindfulness-based yoga classes included all elements of the physical-based yoga classes with the addition of mindfulness cues. The mindfulness cues included body scan, mindful movement, and yoga nidra. Certification of the instructor included the Integrative Amrit Method of Yoga Nidra that was inclusive of the use of mindfulness cues that coincided with the physical postures of yoga.

Interventions

Physical-Based Yoga Practice

Physical-based yoga classes emphasized Bishnu Ghosh lineage hatha yoga. The 50 minute yoga classes were twice per week for four weeks. The yoga instructor had certifications in both Bikram and Amrit yoga practices and training in Bishnu Ghosh lineage hatha yoga as taught by Mary Jarvis

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Mindfulness-Based Yoga Practice

The mindfulness-based yoga classes included all elements of the physical-based yoga classes with the addition of mindfulness cues. The mindfulness cues included body scan, mindful movement, and yoga nidra. Certification of the instructor included the Integrative Amrit Method of Yoga Nidra that was inclusive of the use of mindfulness cues that coincided with the physical postures of yoga.

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

• Male or Female
• Age Limits: from 20 years to 65 years of age

Exclusion Criteria

• Pregnancy
• Nursing
• Wearing a pacemaker
• Prescription medications except for birth control or ADD/ADHD medications
• Stroke within the past three months
• Heart attack within the past three months
• Surgery within the past three months
• Car accident with injuries in the past three months
• Litigation of any type within the past three months or currently
• Currently participating in yoga activities once per week
• Currently participating in mindfulness activities once per week

• Minimum Eligible Age: 20 Years
• Maximum Eligible Age: 65 Years
• Eligible Sex: ALL
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Sponsors

Jeanmarie R. Burke, PhD

OTHER

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

Jeanmarie R. Burke, PhD

Dean of Faculty and Research

Responsibility Role: SPONSOR_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

Jeanmarie R Burke, PhD

Role: STUDY_DIRECTOR

Northeast College of Health Sciences

References

Lee EH. Review of the psychometric evidence of the perceived stress scale. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci). 2012 Dec;6(4):121-7. doi: 10.1016/j.anr.2012.08.004. Epub 2012 Sep 18.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 25031113 (View on PubMed)

Taylor JM. Psychometric analysis of the Ten-Item Perceived Stress Scale. Psychol Assess. 2015 Mar;27(1):90-101. doi: 10.1037/a0038100. Epub 2014 Oct 27.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 25346996 (View on PubMed)

Cohen S, Janicki-Deverts D. Who's stressed? Distributions of psychological stress in the United States in probability samples from 1983, 2006, and 2009. J Appl Soc Psychol. 2012;42:1320-34.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Brown KW, Ryan RM. The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003 Apr;84(4):822-48. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 12703651 (View on PubMed)

Park T, Reilly-Spong M, Gross CR. Mindfulness: a systematic review of instruments to measure an emergent patient-reported outcome (PRO). Qual Life Res. 2013 Dec;22(10):2639-59. doi: 10.1007/s11136-013-0395-8. Epub 2013 Mar 29.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 23539467 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

17-01

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id