Predictors and Moderators of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Panic Disorder

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

80 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2014-03-31

Study Completion Date

2016-07-31

Brief Summary

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Objective: Panic disorder is one of the most prevalent anxiety disorders and with the greatest impact on the functionality of patients. Knowing variables that influence the therapies outcome can improve the results of the interventions and reduce the socio-health cost. The current study examined possible predictors and moderators of outcome in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). Method: Eighty patients with diagnostic of panic disorder received 12 group sessions of CBT or ACT and were assessed with several measures at baseline, 12 weeks post-treatment and 24 weeks post-treatment.

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Detailed Description

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Panic disorder is characterized by the presence of recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, that is, the person suddenly suffers attacks of intense fear. Panic disorder has a significant prevalence and presents frequent comorbidity with other disorders (anxiety, depression or substance abuse, among others). In addition, its course is usually chronic, leading to a significant functional deterioration for the person, with a deterioration in their quality of life. In addition, it generates high direct and indirect costs (loss of working days, visits to emergency services, medical visits, health expenses, etc.).

The psychological therapy of choice for the treatment of panic disorder is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). However, around 25% of patients do not respond successfully to CBT treatment, relapse at the end of therapy or need other additional treatments (Brown \& Barlow, 1995; Hofmann et al., 2012). In this context, the study of predictors and moderators of efficacy in psychotherapy is especially relevant, with acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) being an alternative with growing empirical support. In addition, the group therapy format provides unique qualities and advantages, both at a psychotherapeutic level and in terms of saving resources.

The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of different potentially predictive and moderating variables on the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy in a group format for patients with panic disorder. To this end, a randomized, single-centre, prospective, controlled clinical trial with a 24-week follow-up was carried out.

The sample consisted of 80 patients with panic disorder, randomized into two treatment groups: the experimental group, which received acceptance and commitment therapy, and the active comparator control group, which received cognitive-behavioral therapy. Panic disorder severity was assessed using the Panic Disorder Severity Scale-Self Report (PDSS-SR), fear of physical symptoms using the Body Sensations Questionnaire, BSQ) and the frequency of catastrophic thoughts using the Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire (ACQ). These three measurements were taken before and at the end of treatment, as well as at three months of follow-up.

The potential predictors and moderators analyzed were age, gender, duration of the disorder, motivation to change using the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment Scale (URICA), responsibility through the Five Factor Personality Inventory (Neo Five Factor Inventory, NEO-FFI) and experiential avoidance with the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II).

Participants were randomized to the two treatment groups (CBT or ACT). In both groups, the patients received 12 therapy sessions of 1 hour and 30 minutes duration, with a weekly frequency.

Data analysis was performed using the statistical computing software R version 3.5 and its random forest and Ime4 packages. Statistical analysis was performed by intention to treat (ITT). For the comparison of the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics between the two groups, the Student's t-test was used for the quantitative variables and the Chi-square test for the qualitative variables. To test the hypotheses, a model was designed to perform the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) type III, which incorporates interactions, considering the time factor of the treatments as a covariate. Post-hoc analyzes were performed with the multcomp package built into the R statistical computing software, which allows performing Tukey-type simultaneous comparison tests for generalized models and generalized mixed models.

Conditions

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Panic Disorder Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Predictor

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

PARALLEL

Primary Study Purpose

TREATMENT

Blinding Strategy

DOUBLE

Participants Outcome Assessors

Study Groups

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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

CBT followed Craske \& Barlow´s (2007) manual, which contains a session-by-session description treatment of panic disorder with CBT. The treatment included the following components: (a) psychoeducation about the nature of anxiety and panic, (b) diaphragmatic breathing training, (c) identification and correction of maladaptive thoughts about anxiety and its consequences, (d) exposure to interoceptive sensations, and (e) exposure to feared situations.

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)

ACT was conducted following Eifert \& Forsyth´s (2005) manual, which contains a session-by-session description of the application of ACT to anxiety disorders. In the current study, exercises were adapted to the panic disorder treatment. The treatment included the following components: (a) acceptance of internal experiences, (b) cognitive defusion, (c) work with the "self as context", (d) contact with the present moment, (e) work with life values, and values, and (f) commitment to action.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Interventions

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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* Panic Disorder diagnostic DSM-5.
* Between 18 and 65 years of age.
* Medication-free or no change in the last month.
* Not undergoing other psychotherapy.

Exclusion Criteria

* Primary diagnosis of a disorder other than panic disorder.
* Active suicidal ideation.
* Substance abuse or dependence.
* Cognitive impairment, neurological disorders or intellectual disability.

Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

65 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes