Using the Multiphase Optimization Strategy to Adapt Cognitive Processing Therapy

NCT ID: NCT05220137

Last Updated: 2025-09-24

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

270 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2022-08-01

Study Completion Date

2026-03-31

Brief Summary

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Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) consists of discrete therapeutic components that are delivered across 12 sessions, but most Veterans never reach session 12, and those who drop out receive only 4 sessions on average. Veterans drop out because of time constraints, logistics, and lack of perceived benefit. Unfortunately, Veterans who drop out prematurely may never receive the most effective components of CPT and continue to experience symptom-related distress and numerous other negative outcomes, including lost productivity, substance use, later-life physical disability, reduced quality of life, and increased risk of suicide.

The overall objective of this study is to adapt CPT into a brief, effective format. The rationale is that identifying the most effective intervention components and delivering only those components will make CPT deliverable in a shorter timeframe, thus improving efficiency, reducing drop-out related to poor treatment response, and ensuring that Veterans receive the most beneficial components of treatment, which will significantly improve their quality of life.

Detailed Description

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Background: One third of post-9/11 Veterans in VHA suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and among those who initiate Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT), up to 70% drop out before receiving an adequate dose of treatment. Unfortunately, Veterans who drop out prematurely may never receive the most effective components of CPT. Thus, there is an urgent need to use empirical approaches to identify the most effective components of CPT, so that CPT can be adapted into a briefer format. The long-term goal of this line of research is to adapt, test, and implement brief, evidence-based treatment for Veterans with PTSD. The overall objective of the current application is to adapt CPT into a brief, effective format. The rationale is that identifying the most effective intervention components and delivering only those components will make CPT deliverable in a shorter timeframe, thus improving efficiency, reducing drop-out related to poor treatment response, and ensuring that Veterans receive the most beneficial components of treatment, which will significantly improve their quality of life.

Significance/Impact: Upon completion of this project, the investigators expect to have produced an empirically-based, brief version of CPT. This contribution is likely to improve clinical practice for Veterans with PTSD by providing the most effective components at an earlier session, thus increasing the overall effectiveness of treatment and mitigating the negative consequences of untreated PTSD, such as lost productivity, substance use, later-life physical disability, reduced quality of life, and increased risk of suicide. Using a highly efficient experimental design, we will identify which of five CPT components contribute meaningfully to reduction in PTSD symptoms. The investigators will test the effectiveness of each component and each two-way interaction between components.

Methodology: The MOST is an innovative engineering-inspired framework that uses an optimization trial to assess the performance of individual intervention components within a multicomponent intervention such as CPT. Guided by the MOST framework, the goal of the proposed project is to empirically inform an abbreviated version of CPT via a highly efficient fractional factorial design. Veterans (N = 270) at three VAMCs with clinically significant PTSD symptoms who meet minimal inclusion/exclusion criteria will be randomized to receive two or more CPT components. This design will test the effectiveness of each component and each two-way interaction between components, as measured by PTSD symptom reduction on the Clinician-administered PTSD scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5) across six months of follow-up.

Implementation/Next Steps: Upon completion of these aims, the expected outcome is an adapted, abbreviated version of CPT that consists of the most effective elements of the intervention. The adapted intervention will be primed for a future large scale, fully powered effectiveness trial. The adapted intervention can be easily disseminated through the VA CPT training program and will have a positive impact on the health and wellbeing of Veterans with PTSD.

Conditions

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Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

FACTORIAL

Every condition in the experiment will begin with two initial core sessions (Rationale/Impact Statement and Working with Events, Thoughts, and Feelings) and end with a final core session. Each participant will then receive between one and five additional weekly sessions, as described below.

The following CPT components will be empirically tested in the fractional factorial design: (1) Modified A-B-C, (2) Challenging Questions, (3) Patterns of Problematic Thinking, (4) Challenging Beliefs, and (5) Veteran's choice of Module (Safety/Trust/Power and Control/Esteem/Intimacy). Each component will be taught in a single session. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

All treatment sequences will end with a final session that consists of final homework review, review of treatment progress, and relapse prevention techniques. In total, participants will receive between 4 and 8 sessions.
Primary Study Purpose

TREATMENT

Blinding Strategy

SINGLE

Outcome Assessors

Study Groups

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1

Core Session 1, Core Session 2, Module Choice, Final Session

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Veteran's choice of Module (Safety/Trust/Power and Control/Esteem/Intimacy)

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The therapist will present the Module options to the Veteran and the Veteran will select one Module to work on. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

2

Core Session 1, Core Session 2, Modified A-B-C, Final Session

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Modified A-B-C: Working with Events, Thoughts, and Feelings

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The Modified A-B-C session teaches the Veteran how to draw connections between events, thoughts, and feelings and incorporates preliminary cognitive restructuring to help challenge stuck points. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

3

Core Session 1, Core Session 2, Challenging Questions, Final Session

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Challenging Questions

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The Challenging Questions session teaches the Veteran to question and confront maladaptive self-statements and stuck points. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

4

Core Session 1, Core Session 2, Modified A-B-C, Challenging Questions, Module Choice, Final Session

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Modified A-B-C: Working with Events, Thoughts, and Feelings

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The Modified A-B-C session teaches the Veteran how to draw connections between events, thoughts, and feelings and incorporates preliminary cognitive restructuring to help challenge stuck points. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

Challenging Questions

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The Challenging Questions session teaches the Veteran to question and confront maladaptive self-statements and stuck points. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

Veteran's choice of Module (Safety/Trust/Power and Control/Esteem/Intimacy)

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The therapist will present the Module options to the Veteran and the Veteran will select one Module to work on. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

5

Core Session 1, Core Session 2, Problematic Patterns, Final Session

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Patterns of Problematic Thinking

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The Patterns of Problematic Thinking session teaches the Veteran to identify counterproductive thinking patterns. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

6

Core Session 1, Core Session 2, Modified A-B-C, Problematic Patterns, Module Choice, Final Session

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Modified A-B-C: Working with Events, Thoughts, and Feelings

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The Modified A-B-C session teaches the Veteran how to draw connections between events, thoughts, and feelings and incorporates preliminary cognitive restructuring to help challenge stuck points. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

Patterns of Problematic Thinking

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The Patterns of Problematic Thinking session teaches the Veteran to identify counterproductive thinking patterns. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

Veteran's choice of Module (Safety/Trust/Power and Control/Esteem/Intimacy)

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The therapist will present the Module options to the Veteran and the Veteran will select one Module to work on. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

7

Core Session 1, Core Session 2, Challenging Questions, Problematic Patterns, Module Choice, Final Session

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Challenging Questions

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The Challenging Questions session teaches the Veteran to question and confront maladaptive self-statements and stuck points. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

Patterns of Problematic Thinking

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The Patterns of Problematic Thinking session teaches the Veteran to identify counterproductive thinking patterns. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

Veteran's choice of Module (Safety/Trust/Power and Control/Esteem/Intimacy)

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The therapist will present the Module options to the Veteran and the Veteran will select one Module to work on. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

8

Core Session 1, Core Session 2, Modified A-B-C, Challenging Questions, Problematic Patterns, Final Session

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Modified A-B-C: Working with Events, Thoughts, and Feelings

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The Modified A-B-C session teaches the Veteran how to draw connections between events, thoughts, and feelings and incorporates preliminary cognitive restructuring to help challenge stuck points. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

Challenging Questions

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The Challenging Questions session teaches the Veteran to question and confront maladaptive self-statements and stuck points. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

Patterns of Problematic Thinking

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The Patterns of Problematic Thinking session teaches the Veteran to identify counterproductive thinking patterns. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

9

Core Session 1, Core Session 2, Challenging Beliefs, Final Session

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Challenging Beliefs

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The Challenging Beliefs session teaches the Veteran to generate alternative thoughts based on the outcome of cognitive restructuring. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

10

Core Session 1, Core Session 2, Modified A-B-C , Challenging Beliefs, Module Choice, Final Session

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Modified A-B-C: Working with Events, Thoughts, and Feelings

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The Modified A-B-C session teaches the Veteran how to draw connections between events, thoughts, and feelings and incorporates preliminary cognitive restructuring to help challenge stuck points. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

Challenging Beliefs

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The Challenging Beliefs session teaches the Veteran to generate alternative thoughts based on the outcome of cognitive restructuring. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

Veteran's choice of Module (Safety/Trust/Power and Control/Esteem/Intimacy)

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The therapist will present the Module options to the Veteran and the Veteran will select one Module to work on. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

11

Core Session 1, Core Session 2, Challenging Questions, Challenging Beliefs, Module Choice, Final Session

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Challenging Questions

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The Challenging Questions session teaches the Veteran to question and confront maladaptive self-statements and stuck points. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

Challenging Beliefs

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The Challenging Beliefs session teaches the Veteran to generate alternative thoughts based on the outcome of cognitive restructuring. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

Veteran's choice of Module (Safety/Trust/Power and Control/Esteem/Intimacy)

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The therapist will present the Module options to the Veteran and the Veteran will select one Module to work on. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

12

Core Session 1, Core Session 2, Modified A-B-C, Challenging Questions, Challenging Beliefs, Final Session

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Modified A-B-C: Working with Events, Thoughts, and Feelings

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The Modified A-B-C session teaches the Veteran how to draw connections between events, thoughts, and feelings and incorporates preliminary cognitive restructuring to help challenge stuck points. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

Challenging Questions

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The Challenging Questions session teaches the Veteran to question and confront maladaptive self-statements and stuck points. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

Challenging Beliefs

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The Challenging Beliefs session teaches the Veteran to generate alternative thoughts based on the outcome of cognitive restructuring. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

13

Core Session 1, Core Session 2, Problematic Patterns, Challenging Beliefs, Module Choice, Final Session

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Patterns of Problematic Thinking

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The Patterns of Problematic Thinking session teaches the Veteran to identify counterproductive thinking patterns. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

Challenging Beliefs

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The Challenging Beliefs session teaches the Veteran to generate alternative thoughts based on the outcome of cognitive restructuring. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

Veteran's choice of Module (Safety/Trust/Power and Control/Esteem/Intimacy)

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The therapist will present the Module options to the Veteran and the Veteran will select one Module to work on. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

14

Core Session 1, Core Session 2, Modified A-B-C, Problematic Patterns, Challenging Beliefs, Final Session

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Modified A-B-C: Working with Events, Thoughts, and Feelings

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The Modified A-B-C session teaches the Veteran how to draw connections between events, thoughts, and feelings and incorporates preliminary cognitive restructuring to help challenge stuck points. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

Patterns of Problematic Thinking

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The Patterns of Problematic Thinking session teaches the Veteran to identify counterproductive thinking patterns. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

Challenging Beliefs

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The Challenging Beliefs session teaches the Veteran to generate alternative thoughts based on the outcome of cognitive restructuring. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

15

Core Session 1, Core Session 2, Challenging Questions, Problematic Patterns, Challenging Beliefs, Final Session

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Challenging Questions

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The Challenging Questions session teaches the Veteran to question and confront maladaptive self-statements and stuck points. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

Patterns of Problematic Thinking

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The Patterns of Problematic Thinking session teaches the Veteran to identify counterproductive thinking patterns. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

Challenging Beliefs

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The Challenging Beliefs session teaches the Veteran to generate alternative thoughts based on the outcome of cognitive restructuring. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

16

Core Session 1, Core Session 2, Modified A-B-C, Challenging Questions, Problematic Patterns, Challenging Beliefs, Module Choice, Final Session

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Modified A-B-C: Working with Events, Thoughts, and Feelings

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The Modified A-B-C session teaches the Veteran how to draw connections between events, thoughts, and feelings and incorporates preliminary cognitive restructuring to help challenge stuck points. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

Challenging Questions

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The Challenging Questions session teaches the Veteran to question and confront maladaptive self-statements and stuck points. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

Patterns of Problematic Thinking

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The Patterns of Problematic Thinking session teaches the Veteran to identify counterproductive thinking patterns. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

Challenging Beliefs

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The Challenging Beliefs session teaches the Veteran to generate alternative thoughts based on the outcome of cognitive restructuring. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

Veteran's choice of Module (Safety/Trust/Power and Control/Esteem/Intimacy)

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The therapist will present the Module options to the Veteran and the Veteran will select one Module to work on. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

Interventions

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Modified A-B-C: Working with Events, Thoughts, and Feelings

The Modified A-B-C session teaches the Veteran how to draw connections between events, thoughts, and feelings and incorporates preliminary cognitive restructuring to help challenge stuck points. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Challenging Questions

The Challenging Questions session teaches the Veteran to question and confront maladaptive self-statements and stuck points. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Patterns of Problematic Thinking

The Patterns of Problematic Thinking session teaches the Veteran to identify counterproductive thinking patterns. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Challenging Beliefs

The Challenging Beliefs session teaches the Veteran to generate alternative thoughts based on the outcome of cognitive restructuring. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Veteran's choice of Module (Safety/Trust/Power and Control/Esteem/Intimacy)

The therapist will present the Module options to the Veteran and the Veteran will select one Module to work on. As in standard CPT, each session will begin with a review of homework from the previous session, and then provide the listed component.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* score of 33 or above on the PCL-5
* at least 4 weeks on a stable dose for individuals who are taking psychotropic medication
* over the age of 18

Exclusion Criteria

* active suicidality (assessed by the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale with scores indicating elevated acute risk for suicide warranting hospitalization or intensive treatment)
* need for detoxification
* severe cognitive impairment that, in the judgment of the investigator, makes it unlikely that the patient can provide informed consent or adhere to the study regimen (as evidenced by confusion, inability to track discussion or answer questions, or other clear and significant indicators of cognitive impairment)
* psychosis or unmanaged bipolar disorder
* previous receipt of CPT in the past year
* current engagement in trauma-focused psychotherapy (Prolonged Exposure or Cognitive Processing Therapy)
Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Sponsors

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VA Office of Research and Development

FED

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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Responsibility Role SPONSOR

Principal Investigators

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Rebecca Kaufman Sripada, PhD MS

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI

Locations

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VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI

Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States

Site Status

Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH

Cincinnati, Ohio, United States

Site Status

VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT

Salt Lake City, Utah, United States

Site Status

Countries

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United States

References

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Dodge J, Sullivan K, Grau PP, Chen C, Sripada R, Pfeiffer PN. Retention in Individual Trauma-Focused Treatment Following Family-Based Treatment Among US Veterans. JAMA Netw Open. 2023 Dec 1;6(12):e2349098. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.49098.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 38127345 (View on PubMed)

Sripada RK, Peterson CL, Dziak JJ, Nahum-Shani I, Roberge EM, Martinson AA, Porter K, Grau P, Curtis D, McElroy S, Bryant S, Gracy I, Pryor C, Walters HM, Austin K, Ehlinger C, Sayer N, Wiltsey-Stirman S, Chard K. Using the multiphase optimization strategy to adapt cognitive processing therapy (CPT MOST): study protocol for a randomized controlled factorial experiment. Trials. 2023 Oct 19;24(1):676. doi: 10.1186/s13063-023-07669-3.

Reference Type RESULT
PMID: 37858262 (View on PubMed)

Provided Documents

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Document Type: Informed Consent Form

View Document

Other Identifiers

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IIR 21-088

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id

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