Treatment for Veterans With Military Sexual Trauma

NCT ID: NCT00371644

Last Updated: 2015-01-15

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: COMPLETED
• Clinical Phase: NA
• Total Enrollment: 129 participants
• Study Classification: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2007-02-28
• Study Completion Date: 2011-06-30

Brief Summary

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) versus Present-Centered Therapy (PCT) in treating current post-traumatic stress symptoms associated with sexual assault that occurred while veterans were serving in the military.

Detailed Description

This study is designed to provide insight into effective treatment of veterans with current Post Traumatic Stress Disorder [PTSD] that resulted from sexual assault that occurred during their active military duty [MST]. This issue is of critical importance, as (1) Congress mandated VA to provide counseling to veterans with sexual trauma. (2) Based on the national MST surveillance data of 1.7 million VA patients, 22% of women and 1% of men have experienced MST. (3) With 20,000 Operation Iraqi Freedom [OIF] veterans having already sought healthcare since deployment, VA will begin to serve a higher percentage of women from combat zones, where the epidemiology of sexual assault and the efficacy of conventional treatments are essentially unknown. Finally, (4) findings from our MST-Study of 270 women veterans strongly suggests that MST is clinically different from civilian adult or child sexual trauma, bringing into question whether conventional civilian-based treatment will be effective with MST veterans.

Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) is a therapy developed to treat civilian rape-related PTSD. The efficacy of CPT has been shown with female civilians with sexual assault histories. However, there has not been any research examining the effectiveness of CPT in treating symptoms associated with sexual assault that occurs in military settings. The difference clinically between sexual assault in civilian and military settings is important, as revealed by our clinical experience and empirical findings. In working with veterans with MST for over 13 years we have noted that the assaults are often perpetrated by trusted military personnel and the victim is often without access to immediate treatment or care. Empirically, our research demonstrates that MST is associated with higher rates of PTSD compared to civilian sexual assault.

The primary goal of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of CPT treatment versus Present Centered Therapy (PCT) for PTSD and associated symptoms resulting from MST. The study objectives will be met by three levels of hypotheses. Hypotheses focus on the primary outcome (PTSD symptoms), confirmatory outcomes (depression symptoms, quality of life), and exploratory outcomes (cost and utilization). Based on the results of the study, we intend to produce an educational CD-ROM, which will include a training manual to educate practitioners on the use of the more effective treatment with veterans. It will be designed for administration by clinicians who represent a range of disciplines (e.g., psychologists, nurses, social workers) and levels of training (e.g., bachelor through doctoral degrees).

This is a randomized controlled clinical trial involving veterans from the VA North Texas Healthcare System (VANTHCS). Data will be obtained from face-to-face interview and written questionnaires at baseline, treatment completion, 2-month, 4-month, and 6-month follow-ups. Patients will be randomized to one of two conditions (CPT or PCT). Patients will receive biweekly sessions of the respective individual therapy from trained therapists for a 6-week period (total of 12 sessions), followed by scheduled assessments. The primary endpoint is the CAPS score, a measure of PTSD severity. Secondary endpoints include anxiety, depression, quality of life, and healthcare utilization.

Conditions

Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Depressive Symptoms; Anxiety Symptoms; Quality of Life

Study Design

• Allocation Method: RANDOMIZED
• Intervention Model: PARALLEL
• Primary Study Purpose: TREATMENT
• Blinding Strategy: SINGLE

Study Groups

Arm 1

Participants receive 12 biweekly sessions of Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT).

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Cognitive Processing Therapy

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

CPT is a cognitive therapy based on information processing theory and includes components which help the client to (a) access her or his memory of the event, (b) identify and experience her or his emotions until they have been extinguished, and (c) identify and challenge beliefs about the event itself and beliefs about self and the world which have been altered because of the rape.

Arm 2

Participants receive 12 biweekly sessions of Present Centered Therapy (PCT).

Group Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Present-Centered Therapy

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

PCT consists of general support and education focused on current issues in the patient's life. It emphasizes the focus on the individual's current life, and conceptualizes the problems addressed as manifestations of PTSD that, in some cases, may have been present for long periods of time. Emphasis is on problem solving and improving relationships. Connections are made between current problems and PTSD symptoms. PCT provides the emotional support for the trauma patient that is thought to help in recovery and helps the victim gain a better understanding of the nature of the patient's problems and connection with PTSD.

Interventions

Cognitive Processing Therapy

CPT is a cognitive therapy based on information processing theory and includes components which help the client to (a) access her or his memory of the event, (b) identify and experience her or his emotions until they have been extinguished, and (c) identify and challenge beliefs about the event itself and beliefs about self and the world which have been altered because of the rape.

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Present-Centered Therapy

PCT consists of general support and education focused on current issues in the patient's life. It emphasizes the focus on the individual's current life, and conceptualizes the problems addressed as manifestations of PTSD that, in some cases, may have been present for long periods of time. Emphasis is on problem solving and improving relationships. Connections are made between current problems and PTSD symptoms. PCT provides the emotional support for the trauma patient that is thought to help in recovery and helps the victim gain a better understanding of the nature of the patient's problems and connection with PTSD.

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Other Intervention Names

CPT; PCT

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

• Veteran (female or male) from any era with a current diagnosis of PTSD due to MST
• Experienced MST no less than 3 months prior to entering the trial
• Identify that MST is the trauma that is causing the worst current distress (if other traumas also experienced)
• Have at least one clear memory of the trauma (sufficient to write impact statement)
• Consent to be randomized into treatment
• Not receive other psychotherapy during the 6 weeks of active treatment
• (if on psychoactive medications) if new antidepressant, be on stable medication regimen for a minimum of 6 weeks prior to entering the trial (if recent changes to antidepressant dosage or additions or changes of antipsychotic or anti-anxiety medication, eligible immediately)

Exclusion Criteria

• Current substance dependence
• Prior substance dependence that has not been in remission for at least 3 months
• Any current psychotic symptoms
• Current mania or unstable Bipolar Disorder
• Prominent current suicidal or homicidal features
• Any severe cognitive impairment or history of Organic Mental Disorder
• Current involvement in a violent relationship

• Minimum Eligible Age: 18 Years
• Eligible Sex: ALL
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Sponsors

US Department of Veterans Affairs

FED

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

Responsibility Role: SPONSOR

Principal Investigators

Alina M Suris, PhD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas

Locations

VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas

Dallas, Texas, United States

Countries

United States

References

Suris A, Link-Malcolm J, Chard K, Ahn C, North C. A randomized clinical trial of cognitive processing therapy for veterans with PTSD related to military sexual trauma. J Trauma Stress. 2013 Feb;26(1):28-37. doi: 10.1002/jts.21765. Epub 2013 Jan 16.

Reference Type: RESULT

PMID: 23325750 (View on PubMed)

Holliday R, Link-Malcolm J, Morris EE, Suris A. Effects of cognitive processing therapy on PTSD-related negative cognitions in veterans with military sexual trauma. Mil Med. 2014 Oct;179(10):1077-82. doi: 10.7205/MILMED-D-13-00309.

Reference Type: RESULT

PMID: 25269124 (View on PubMed)

Mullen K, Holliday R, Morris E, Raja A, Suris A. Cognitive processing therapy for male veterans with military sexual trauma-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 2014 Dec;28(8):761-4. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.09.004. Epub 2014 Sep 21.

Reference Type: RESULT

PMID: 25260214 (View on PubMed)

O'Doherty L, Whelan M, Carter GJ, Brown K, Tarzia L, Hegarty K, Feder G, Brown SJ. Psychosocial interventions for survivors of rape and sexual assault experienced during adulthood. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Oct 5;10(10):CD013456. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013456.pub2.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 37795783 (View on PubMed)

Holliday R, Holder N, Monteith LL, Suris A. Decreases in Suicide Cognitions After Cognitive Processing Therapy Among Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Due to Military Sexual Trauma: A Preliminary Examination. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2018 Jul;206(7):575-578. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000000840.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 29905663 (View on PubMed)

Wiblin J, Holder N, Holliday R, Suris A. Predictors of Unbearability, Unlovability, and Unsolvability in Veterans With Military-Sexual-Trauma-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. J Interpers Violence. 2021 Apr;36(7-8):3814-3830. doi: 10.1177/0886260518777554. Epub 2018 May 31.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 29848187 (View on PubMed)

Holliday R, Holder N, Suris A. Reductions in self-blame cognitions predict PTSD improvements with cognitive processing therapy for military sexual trauma-related PTSD. Psychiatry Res. 2018 May;263:181-184. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.007. Epub 2018 Mar 14.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 29573657 (View on PubMed)

Holliday RP, Holder ND, Williamson MLC, Suris A. Therapeutic response to Cognitive Processing Therapy in White and Black female veterans with military sexual trauma-related PTSD. Cogn Behav Ther. 2017 Sep;46(5):432-446. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2017.1312511. Epub 2017 May 9.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 28485687 (View on PubMed)

Williams R, Holliday R, Clem M, Anderson E, Morris EE, Suris A. Borderline Personality Disorder and Military Sexual Trauma: Analysis of Previous Traumatization and Current Psychiatric Presentation. J Interpers Violence. 2017 Aug;32(15):2223-2236. doi: 10.1177/0886260515596149. Epub 2015 Jul 21.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 26198645 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

IRB 06-036

Identifier Type: OTHER_GRANT

Identifier Source: secondary_id

D4445-R

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id