Neural Mechanisms of Cost and Benefit Integration During Decision-Making, Aim 2: Acute & Lifetime Stress

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Total Enrollment

397 participants

Study Classification

OBSERVATIONAL

Study Start Date

2019-05-01

Study Completion Date

2022-08-01

Brief Summary

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The central aim of this study is to characterize how the costs of acute and lifetime stress affect the neural architecture for decision-making in healthy humans. Investigators will use behavioral choice paradigms to measure how the costs of stress influence decisions about rewards (e.g., foods, money) as well as decisions about the use of self-control strategies. They will further examine associations between these stress measures and other decision variables commonly studied in our lab which have well-understood mechanisms, such as risk preferences. This behavioral work lays the foundation for an fMRI experiment that combines our measures of the behavioral costs of stress with neural measures of brain changes. Acute stress will be measured using a physiological stressor (cold-pressor task) coupled with saliva sample collection for cortisol analysis. Lifetime stress will be measured using a computerized life stress survey. We will study three cohorts: One purely behavioral cohort will be examined on-site (n=60). In a smaller subset of participants (n=40), investigators will measure neural activity changes in relevant brain areas as measured with MRI during decisions to use self-control in the presence of rewards. In a larger sample (n=500) the correlation between participants' risk preferences and lifetime stress exposure at scale using Amazon Mechanical Turk subjects will be measured.

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Detailed Description

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Conditions

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Healthy

Study Design

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Observational Model Type

COHORT

Study Time Perspective

PROSPECTIVE

Study Groups

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Cohort 1: Stress Task

Participants in Cohort 1 randomized to the stress task will complete the Cold-Pressor Task (CPT), which requires the continuous submersion of the forearm in ice-water (0-4°C) for 3 minutes in the presence of an experimenter. After the CPT, participants will complete a decision-making task. During the decision-making task, participants will do one of the following: evaluate different features of foods/monetary prizes in 'rating trials', choose between pairs or bundles of snack foods in 'choice trials', bid for the chance to win foods/monetary prizes or bid to remove certain foods from their choice menu in 'auction trials', or choose between pairs of monetary lotteries in 'lottery trials'.

Cold-Pressor Task (CPT)

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The CPT involves participants submerging their dominant forearm in ice-water (0-4°C) for 3 minutes.

Cohort 1: Control

Participants in Cohort 1 randomized to the Control group will complete a matching control task to the CPT, which involves continuous submersion of the forearm in warm water, \~30°C, for 3 minutes. After the control CPT, participants will complete a decision-making task. During the decision-making task, participants will do one of the following: evaluate different features of foods/monetary prizes in 'rating trials', choose between pairs or bundles of snack foods in 'choice trials', bid for the chance to win foods/monetary prizes or bid to remove certain foods from their choice menu in 'auction trials', or choose between pairs of monetary lotteries in 'lottery trials'.

Control CPT

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The control CPT involves participants submerging their dominant forearm in warm water (\~30°C) for 3 minutes.

Cohort 2: Stress Task + fMRI

Participants in Cohort 2 randomized to the Stress task will complete the CPT, which requires the continuous submersion of the forearm in ice-water (0-4°C) for 3 minutes in the presence of an experimenter. After the CPT, participants will complete decision-making tasks while being scanned via functional MRI (fMRI). The tasks will involve attending to auditory and/or visual stimuli on a computer. On each trial, different food items and different amounts of time (1-60 minutes) will be presented and participants will be asked to indicate how much they would pay from their $10 study endowment to avoid spending the trial's stated amount of time with the snack food.

Cold-Pressor Task (CPT)

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The CPT involves participants submerging their dominant forearm in ice-water (0-4°C) for 3 minutes.

fMRI

Intervention Type DEVICE

Participants in the neuroimaging cohort will complete up to two fMRI experimental sessions on different days, with at least a day between sessions, each lasting approximately 2 hours. Imaging data will be collected with a Prisma 3T head- only scanner equipped with a head coil from Nova Medical.

Cohort 2: Control + fMRI

Participants in Cohort 2 randomized to the Control group will complete a matching control task to the CPT, which involves continuous submersion of the forearm in warm water, \~30°C, for 3 minutes. After the control CPT, participants will complete decision-making tasks while being scanned via functional MRI (fMRI). The tasks will involve attending to auditory and/or visual stimuli on a computer. On each trial, different food items and different amounts of time (1-60 minutes) will be presented and participants will be asked to indicate how much they would pay from their $10 study endowment to avoid spending the trial's stated amount of time with the snack food.

Control CPT

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The control CPT involves participants submerging their dominant forearm in warm water (\~30°C) for 3 minutes.

fMRI

Intervention Type DEVICE

Participants in the neuroimaging cohort will complete up to two fMRI experimental sessions on different days, with at least a day between sessions, each lasting approximately 2 hours. Imaging data will be collected with a Prisma 3T head- only scanner equipped with a head coil from Nova Medical.

Cohort 3: M-Turk Survey

Participants in Cohort 3 will access the Amazon Mechanical Turk (M-Turk) platform, where they can search for available surveys ('HITs') to complete for payment on the M-Turk website. After completing the surveys, participants will complete the Stress and Adversity Inventory (STRAIN) questionnaire.

No interventions assigned to this group

Interventions

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Cold-Pressor Task (CPT)

The CPT involves participants submerging their dominant forearm in ice-water (0-4°C) for 3 minutes.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Control CPT

The control CPT involves participants submerging their dominant forearm in warm water (\~30°C) for 3 minutes.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

fMRI

Participants in the neuroimaging cohort will complete up to two fMRI experimental sessions on different days, with at least a day between sessions, each lasting approximately 2 hours. Imaging data will be collected with a Prisma 3T head- only scanner equipped with a head coil from Nova Medical.

Intervention Type DEVICE

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* English as a native language
* Corrected-to-normal vision
* Individuals on diets to maintain or lose weight, or those not on a diet
* All races, ethnicities, and cultures

Exclusion Criteria

* History of and/or medication for neurological or psychiatric disorders
* High blood pressure, heart condition or related medical conditions
* Diabetes, metabolic disorders, history of eating disorders, or food allergies
* Pregnancy
* Handedness (this has been shown be indicative of variations in brain circuitry)
* Since we will measure stress hormones, subjects currently taking corticosteroids or beta-blockers will be ineligible to participate, as these medications have been found to dramatically alter stress hormone levels.
* Furthermore, evidence suggests that fluctuations in bodily hormones (such as that induced through hormonal contraceptives or different stages of menstrual cycle phase) can affect stress hormone levels (Tersman, Collins, \& Eneroth, 1991; Kirschbaum et al, 1999; Andreano, Arjomanid, Cahill, 2008). In order to account for hormonal differences, we will ask female participants if they are taking oral contraceptives. Likewise, we propose to use a simple, non-invasive questionnaire to determine cycle phase, as in McCormick \& Teillon, 2001. We may need to exclude on the basis of whether or not female participants use hormone-based contraceptives, which, for the reason stated above, could be a potential confound.
* In some cases, we will pre-screen subjects to ensure they are on a diet to maintain or lose weight in order to examine how dietary and health goals influence decisions about self-control and rewards.

Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

64 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes