Mask Study: One-handed vs. Two Handed Technique in Children

NCT ID: NCT03215121

Last Updated: 2020-01-23

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

60 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2018-04-01

Study Completion Date

2020-01-22

Brief Summary

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During induction of anesthesia in children, the investigators have observed significant variability in mask holding technique at our institution among different anesthesia practitioners. Some hold the face mask using one hand and others use two hands. The aim of our study is to comparatively evaluate the extent of airway obstruction in children whilst anesthetic mask is held with one hand with jaw thrust versus mask held using two hands with chin lift by anesthesia provider during induction of anesthesia in children.

Detailed Description

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In a prospective, randomized and controlled study, 60 children with documented obstructive sleep apnea (from sleep study or history obtained from the parent of bothersome snoring, witnessed apnea which interrupts the snoring and/or gasping and choking sensations that arouse the patient from sleep) due to enlarged tonsils and adenoid scheduled for tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy surgery will be enrolled in the study. Children will be randomly divided in three groups of 20 each based on the induction technique used:

Group --1: Induction of anesthesia started as follows while children are breathing spontaneously: One handed mask airway + chin lift - 20 sec and then switch to two hands + jaw thrust - 20 sec

Group 2 - Induction of anesthesia started as follows while children are breathing spontaneously: Two handed mask airway + jaw thrust - 40 sec

Group 3 - Induction of anesthesia started as follows while children are breathing spontaneously: Two handed mask airway + jaw thrust - 20 sec and then switch to one hand + chin lift- 20 sec

Premedication with midazolam as per standard protocol, will be administered prior to taking the patients to the operating room. Prior to the induction of anesthesia, a shoulder role will be used to have the child's head in sniffing position for induction. Horizontal alignment of the external auditory meatus with the sternum, will be used as a marker for, proper positioning.

Oxygen and nitrous oxide for 10-15 seconds will be administered and sevoflurane will then be commenced. Addition of sevoflurane will be recorded as the start of induction. The provider will hold the mask as randomized, one hand with switch to two hands for Group 1 patients, two hands for Group 2 patients and two hands with switch to one hand for Group 3 patients. Any changes in airway patency when mask is held by one hand versus two hands will be observed and documented by various parameters stated below. The initial mask management will be performed for 20 seconds.

After another 20 seconds (50 seconds from the start of induction), mask holding will switch to two hands for 20 seconds. In Group 2 patients mask will be held with two hands for 40 seconds. No oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway will be placed during the study period. In Group 3 patients, mask will initially be held with two hands for 20 seconds, with switch to one hand for 20 seconds.

In the investigators clinical experience, the rate of obstructive symptoms with one hand ventilation approaches 100% and obstructive symptoms with two hands ventilation approaches 0%. Using this ratio data for a power analysis to determine sample size yielded 4 subjects per group. As this is probably unreasonably low, the ratios were adjusted to 75% for one hand and 25% for two hand ventilation, which yielded 18 subjects per group to achieve an alpha of 95%, and beta of 80%. With the potential for case dropout, the sample sizes for this study were set at 20 per group to reasonably ensure statistical significance. Given that approximately 80 cases of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy cases are performed due to obstruction a year, this sample size should be easily obtainable. Randomization of patient assignment to the groups will be accomplished by graph pad quickcalcs.

(http://www.graphpad.com/quickcalcs/randomize1.cfm).

Continuous variables, times and ratio data will be analyzed by t test and nominal data by chi square.

Conditions

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Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

PARALLEL

Childrenwith documented obstructive sleep apnea (by sleep study or history obtained from the parent) due to enlarged tonsils and adenoid scheduled for tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy surgery will be enrolled in the study. Children will be randomly divided in two groups of 20 each based on the induction technique used:

Group --1: Induction of anesthesia started as follows while children are breathing spontaneously: One handed mask airway + chin lift - 20 sec and then switch to two hands + jaw thrust - 20 sec Group - 2: Induction of anesthesia started as follows while children are breathing spontaneously: Two handed mask airway + jaw thrust - 40 sec.

Group 3 - Induction of anesthesia started as follows while children are breathing spontaneously. Two handed mask airway + jaw thrust - 20 sec. then switch to one hand + chin lift - 20 sec.
Primary Study Purpose

DIAGNOSTIC

Blinding Strategy

NONE

Study Groups

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One handed mask airway, switch to two hands

Induction of anesthesia started as follows while children are breathing spontaneously: One handed mask airway + chin lift - 20 sec and then switch to two hands + jaw thrust - 20 sec

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

One handed mask airway, switch to two hands

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Prior to the induction of anesthesia, a shoulder role will be used to have the child's head in sniffing position for induction. Horizontal alignment of the external auditory meatus with the sternum, will be used as a marker for, proper positioning.

Oxygen and nitrous oxide for 10-15 seconds will be administered and sevoflurane will then be commenced.The provider will hold the mask as randomized, one hand mask airway with switch to two hand for Group 1 patients. Any changes in airway patency when mask is held by one hand versus two hands will be observed and documented by various parameters. The initial mask management will be performed for 20 seconds.

After another 20 seconds (50 seconds from the start of induction), in Group one, the mask holding will switch to two hands for 20 seconds.

Two handed mask airway + jaw thrust

Induction of anesthesia started as follows while children are breathing spontaneously: Two handed mask airway + jaw thrust - 40 sec

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Two handed mask airway + jaw thrust

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Prior to the induction of anesthesia, a shoulder role will be used to have the child's head in sniffing position for induction. Horizontal alignment of the external auditory meatus with the sternum, will be used as a marker for, proper positioning.

Oxygen and nitrous oxide for 10-15 seconds will be administered and sevoflurane will then be commenced.The provider will hold the mask as randomized, two hands for Group two patients. Any changes in airway patency when mask is held by one hand versus two hands will be observed and documented by various parameters. In Group 2 patient's mask will be held with two hands first for 40 seconds.

Two handed mask airway, switch to one hand

Induction of anesthesia started as follows while children are breathing spontaneously: Two handed mask airway + jaw thrust - 20 sec and then switch to one hand + chin lift - 20 sec

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Two handed mask airway, switch to one hand

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Prior to the induction of anesthesia, a shoulder role will be used to have the child's head in sniffing position for induction. Horizontal alignment of the external auditory meatus with the sternum, will be used as a marker for, proper positioning.

Oxygen and nitrous oxide for 10-15 seconds will be administered and sevoflurane will then be commenced.The provider will hold the mask as randomized, two hands for Group 3 patients. Any changes in airway patency when mask is held by one hand versus two hands will be observed and documented by various parameters. The initial mask management will be performed for 20 seconds.

After another 20 seconds (50 seconds from the start of induction), in Group 3, the mask holding will switch to one hand for 20 seconds.

Interventions

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One handed mask airway, switch to two hands

Prior to the induction of anesthesia, a shoulder role will be used to have the child's head in sniffing position for induction. Horizontal alignment of the external auditory meatus with the sternum, will be used as a marker for, proper positioning.

Oxygen and nitrous oxide for 10-15 seconds will be administered and sevoflurane will then be commenced.The provider will hold the mask as randomized, one hand mask airway with switch to two hand for Group 1 patients. Any changes in airway patency when mask is held by one hand versus two hands will be observed and documented by various parameters. The initial mask management will be performed for 20 seconds.

After another 20 seconds (50 seconds from the start of induction), in Group one, the mask holding will switch to two hands for 20 seconds.

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Two handed mask airway + jaw thrust

Prior to the induction of anesthesia, a shoulder role will be used to have the child's head in sniffing position for induction. Horizontal alignment of the external auditory meatus with the sternum, will be used as a marker for, proper positioning.

Oxygen and nitrous oxide for 10-15 seconds will be administered and sevoflurane will then be commenced.The provider will hold the mask as randomized, two hands for Group two patients. Any changes in airway patency when mask is held by one hand versus two hands will be observed and documented by various parameters. In Group 2 patient's mask will be held with two hands first for 40 seconds.

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Two handed mask airway, switch to one hand

Prior to the induction of anesthesia, a shoulder role will be used to have the child's head in sniffing position for induction. Horizontal alignment of the external auditory meatus with the sternum, will be used as a marker for, proper positioning.

Oxygen and nitrous oxide for 10-15 seconds will be administered and sevoflurane will then be commenced.The provider will hold the mask as randomized, two hands for Group 3 patients. Any changes in airway patency when mask is held by one hand versus two hands will be observed and documented by various parameters. The initial mask management will be performed for 20 seconds.

After another 20 seconds (50 seconds from the start of induction), in Group 3, the mask holding will switch to one hand for 20 seconds.

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* Between 1 to 8 years of age Scheduled for Tonsillectomy \& adenoidectomy Documented evidence of obstructive sleep apnea ASA I and II

Exclusion Criteria

* Children with abnormal airway anatomy ASA III and over
Minimum Eligible Age

1 Year

Maximum Eligible Age

8 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Sponsors

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Nemours Children's Clinic

OTHER

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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Dinesh Choudhry

Pediatric Anesthesiologist and Director of Pain Service, Principal Investigator, Associate Professor of Anesthesiology

Responsibility Role PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Locations

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Nemours/A I duPont Hospital for Children

Wilmington, Delaware, United States

Site Status

Countries

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United States

References

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Keidan I, Fine GF, Kagawa T, Schneck FX, Motoyama EK. Work of breathing during spontaneous ventilation in anesthetized children: a comparative study among the face mask, laryngeal mask airway and endotracheal tube. Anesth Analg. 2000 Dec;91(6):1381-8. doi: 10.1097/00000539-200012000-00014.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 11093984 (View on PubMed)

von Ungern-Sternberg BS, Erb TO, Reber A, Frei FJ. Opening the upper airway--airway maneuvers in pediatric anesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth. 2005 Mar;15(3):181-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2004.01534.x. No abstract available.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 15725313 (View on PubMed)

Litman RS, Kottra JA, Berkowitz RJ, Ward DS. Upper airway obstruction during midazolam/nitrous oxide sedation in children with enlarged tonsils. Pediatr Dent. 1998 Sep-Oct;20(5):318-20.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 9803430 (View on PubMed)

Rahman T, Page R, Page C, Bonnefoy JR, Cox T, Shaffer TH. pneuRIPTM: A Novel Respiratory Inductance Plethysmography Monitor. J Med Device. 2017 Mar;11(1):0110101-110106. doi: 10.1115/1.4035546. Epub 2017 Jan 24.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 28289485 (View on PubMed)

Kheterpal S. It's About Time. Anesthesiology. 2017 Jan;126(1):4-5. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001408. No abstract available.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 27811484 (View on PubMed)

Sato S, Hasegawa M, Okuyama M, Okazaki J, Kitamura Y, Sato Y, Ishikawa T, Sato Y, Isono S. Mask Ventilation during Induction of General Anesthesia: Influences of Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Anesthesiology. 2017 Jan;126(1):28-38. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001407.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 27811485 (View on PubMed)

Langeron O, Masso E, Huraux C, Guggiari M, Bianchi A, Coriat P, Riou B. Prediction of difficult mask ventilation. Anesthesiology. 2000 May;92(5):1229-36. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200005000-00009.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 10781266 (View on PubMed)

Kheterpal S, Han R, Tremper KK, Shanks A, Tait AR, O'Reilly M, Ludwig TA. Incidence and predictors of difficult and impossible mask ventilation. Anesthesiology. 2006 Nov;105(5):885-91. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200611000-00007.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 17065880 (View on PubMed)

Kheterpal S, Martin L, Shanks AM, Tremper KK. Prediction and outcomes of impossible mask ventilation: a review of 50,000 anesthetics. Anesthesiology. 2009 Apr;110(4):891-7. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31819b5b87.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 19293691 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

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1065828-2

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id

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