Study Results
The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.
Basic Information
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COMPLETED
78 participants
OBSERVATIONAL
2025-06-19
2025-10-03
Brief Summary
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This study was designed as a case-control investigation to explore the relationship between smartphone addiction (problematic smartphone use) and clinical characteristics of cervicogenic headache in comparison with healthy individuals. Participants were evaluated in the outpatient clinics of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Neurology at Yozgat Bozok University.
A structured sociodemographic form was administered, and each participant completed a set of validated assessment tools. Smartphone use behavior was assessed with the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Form. Headache-related disability was measured with the Headache Impact Test. Cervical function was evaluated with the Neck Disability Index. Psychological status was assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Sleep quality was examined with the Jenkins Sleep Scale. Health-related quality of life was measured using the 12-item Short Form Health Survey, and pain intensity was evaluated with the Visual Analog Scale.
The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was obtained from the Clinical Research Ethics Committee, and written informed consent was provided by all participants prior to enrollment.
Detailed Description
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With the rapid increase in smartphone use worldwide, attention has been drawn to its possible musculoskeletal and psychological consequences. Prolonged forward head posture, repetitive neck movements, and excessive screen time may contribute to cervical dysfunction and exacerbate symptoms of cervicogenic headache. In addition, behavioral dependence on smartphones has been associated with mood disorders, sleep disturbances, and impaired daily functioning. Understanding the potential role of smartphone addiction as a modifiable factor in cervicogenic headache is therefore of clinical importance.
The present study was designed as a case-control observational protocol to investigate the association between smartphone addiction and clinical outcomes in individuals with cervicogenic headache compared with healthy controls. Data were collected in the outpatient clinics of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Neurology at Yozgat Bozok University.
A standardized sociodemographic form was administered, followed by a comprehensive set of validated assessment instruments. These included the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Form to evaluate problematic smartphone use, the Headache Impact Test to measure the burden of headaches on daily life, the Neck Disability Index to assess functional limitations related to cervical spine disorders, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to screen for symptoms of anxiety and depression, the Jenkins Sleep Scale to evaluate sleep quality and disturbances, the 12-item Short Form Health Survey to assess physical and mental aspects of health-related quality of life, and the Visual Analog Scale to record the intensity of pain.
All assessments were performed face-to-face by trained professionals in a clinical setting. The study protocol was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant before enrollment, and all procedures were carried out in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
Conditions
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Keywords
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Study Design
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CASE_CONTROL
CROSS_SECTIONAL
Study Groups
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Cervicogenic Headache Group
Adults between 18 and 65 years of age diagnosed with cervicogenic headache based on the International Classification of Headache Disorders, third edition were eligible for inclusion. Exclusion criteria included systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, thyroid disorders, chronic kidney disease, malignancy, neurological conditions associated with neuropathic pain, and rheumatic diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, or fibromyalgia. Participants with communication difficulties, illiteracy, or those who declined participation were also excluded.
No interventions assigned to this group
Healthy Control Group
Age- and sex-matched adults without cervicogenic headache or other chronic medical conditions served as controls. Controls were between 18 and 65 years of age, cognitively intact, literate, and willing to participate. Exclusion criteria were the same as for the cervicogenic headache group, including systemic, neurological, or rheumatological diseases, illiteracy, or refusal to participate.
No interventions assigned to this group
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
Literate and cognitively capable of completing questionnaires
Willing to participate and provide written informed consent
For the patient group: Diagnosis of cervicogenic headache based on the International Classification of Headache Disorders, third edition, confirmed by a neurologist
For the control group: Healthy volunteers with no known medical conditions or active complaints, age- and sex-matched with patients
Exclusion Criteria
Illiteracy or impaired communication
Current use of medications that may interfere with outcome measures
Withdrawal of consent at any stage
18 Years
65 Years
ALL
Yes
Sponsors
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Gulseren Demir Karakilic
OTHER
Responsible Party
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Gulseren Demir Karakilic
Assistant Professor, Principal Investigator
Principal Investigators
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Gülseren Demir Karakılıç
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Yozgat Bozok University
Locations
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Yozgat Bozok University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Yozgat, Yozgat, Turkey (Türkiye)
Countries
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References
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Soylu C, Kutuk B. Reliability and Validity of the Turkish Version of SF-12 Health Survey. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2022 Summer;33(2):108-117. doi: 10.5080/u25700. English, Turkish.
NOYAN, C.O., et al., Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Ölçeğinin Kısa Formunun üniversite öğrencilerindeTürkçe geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry/Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 2015. 16.
Aydemir, O., Hastane anksiyete ve depresyon olcegi Turkce formunun gecerlilik ve guvenilirligi. Turk Psikiyatri Derg., 1997. 8: p. 187-280.
Telci EA, Karaduman A, Yakut Y, Aras B, Simsek IE, Yagli N. The cultural adaptation, reliability, and validity of neck disability index in patients with neck pain: a Turkish version study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009 Jul 15;34(16):1732-5. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181ac9055.
Dikmen PY, Bozdag M, Gunes M, Kosak S, Tasdelen B, Uluduz D, Ozge A. Reliability and Validity of Turkish Version of Headache Impact Test (HIT-6) in Patients with Migraine. Noro Psikiyatr Ars. 2020 Apr 24;58(4):300-307. doi: 10.29399/npa.24956. eCollection 2021.
Duruoz MT, Erdem D, Gencer K, Ulutatar F, Baklacioglu HS. Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Jenkins Sleep Scale in psoriatic arthritis. Rheumatol Int. 2018 Feb;38(2):261-265. doi: 10.1007/s00296-017-3911-2. Epub 2017 Dec 18.
Other Identifiers
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2025-GOKAEK-2512_2025.06.18_50
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id