Contribution of Recreational Exercises to Balance and Muscle Strength in Osteoporosis Risk

NCT ID: NCT07245355

Last Updated: 2025-11-24

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: NOT_YET_RECRUITING
• Clinical Phase: NA
• Total Enrollment: 60 participants
• Study Classification: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2026-02-01
• Study Completion Date: 2026-02-05

Brief Summary

This study aims to evaluate the effects of recreational exercises such as Pilates, swimming and walking on muscle strength and balance in women at risk of osteoporosis.

Study hypotheses:

H1: Pilates exercises will be more effective than walking exercises in improving muscle strength among women at risk of osteoporosis.

H2: Swimming exercises will be more effective than walking exercises in improving muscle strength among women at risk of osteoporosis.

H3: Pilates exercises will be more effective than walking exercises in improving balance among women at risk of osteoporosis.

H4: Swimming exercises will be more effective than walking exercises in improving balance among women at risk of osteoporosis.

H5: Pilates and swimming exercises will have similar effects on improving muscle strength and balance among women at risk of osteoporosis.

Detailed Description

Participants were selected from among women who had previously been diagnosed with osteoporosis risk by a physician and who applied to the Isparta Merwellness Pilates gym for exercise.

The study is planned as a randomized controlled prospective trial. Participants were assigned to three groups using a computer-generated random number table (n=20).

Pilates Group: Mat Pilates was performed three days a week for 45 minutes. Swimming Group: Moderate-intensity swimming was performed 3 days a week for 40 minutes.

Walking Group: Brisk walking was performed 3 days a week for 45 minutes.

Conditions

Osteoporosis (Senile)

Study Design

• Allocation Method: RANDOMIZED
• Intervention Model: PARALLEL
• Primary Study Purpose: TREATMENT
• Blinding Strategy: SINGLE

Study Groups

Pilates Group

Pilates Group: Mat Pilates was performed three days a week for 45 minutes. The programme included a 10-minute warm-up, 30 minutes of basic Pilates exercises (hundred, roll-up, spine stretch, single leg stretch) and a 5-minute cool-down and stretching phase. The exercises were conducted by a certified Pilates instructor.

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Experimental Group 1

Intervention Type: OTHER

Sixty women aged 40-60 years with a T-score between -1.0 and -2.5 were randomly assigned to three groups (Pilates, Swimming, Walking; n=20). Participants exercised for 40-45 minutes three days a week for 12 weeks.All exercises in this group were conducted by a certified Pilates instructor. Pilates exercises were performed on a mat.Session Content:

Warm-Up (10 min): Breathing exercises, shoulder rotation, neck stretch, posterior pelvic tilt, and spinal mobilization exercises were performed.

Main Section (30 min):

Weeks 1-4: Basic movements - Hundred, Roll-Up, Single Leg Stretch, Spine Stretch Weeks 5-8: Intermediate variations - Double Leg Stretch, Rolling Like a Ball, Saw Weeks 9-12: Advanced balance-focused movements - Teaser Prep, Side Kick Series, Swimming, Leg Pull Front Cool-Down (5 min): Deep breathing exercises, hamstring stretching, and spinal Participation rates were regularly recorded, and individuals who participated below 80% of the program were excluded from the analysis.

Swimming Group

Swimming Group: Moderate-intensity swimming was performed 3 days a week for 40 minutes. The exercises included a 5-minute warm-up, 30 minutes of freestyle and backstroke swimming, and a 5-minute cool-down phase. Participants' heart rates were maintained at 60- 70% of their maximum heart rate.

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Experimental Group 2

Intervention Type: OTHER

Participants in the swimming group completed moderate-intensity swimming exercises for 40 minutes, three days a week. The program consisted of a 5-minute warm-up, 30 minutes of freestyle and backstroke swimming, and a 5-minute cool-down. Participants' heart rates were maintained between 60 and 70% of their maximum heart rate.

Session content:

Warm-up (5 min): Light swimming, in-water mobilization exercises

Main Part (30 min):

Weeks 1-4: Freestyle swimming with 25-50 m rest intervals Weeks 5-8: Alternating freestyle and backstroke swimming with 75-100 m rest intervals.

Weeks 9-12: Continuous swimming sets (150-200 m) - technical development and endurance Cool down (5 min): Light swimming, stretching in the water Exercise intensity was monitored using the Borg Scale of Perceived Exertion (RPE). Participation rates were regularly recorded, and individuals who participated below 80% of the program were excluded from the analysis.

Walking Group

Brisk walking was performed 3 days a week for 45 minutes. The programme consisted of a 5-minute warm-up walk, 35 minutes of walking at 60-70% of maximum heart rate, and a 5-minute cool-down walk.

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Experimental Group 3

Intervention Type: OTHER

Individuals in this group participated in brisk walking at 60-70% of their maximum heart rate for 45 minutes, three days a week. The program consisted of a 5-minute warm-up walk, a 35-minute brisk walk, and a 5-minute cool-down walk. A 45-minute walking program was designed three days a week (Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday).

Terrace: Flat, safe walking track Intensity: 60-70% of maximum heart rate

Session Contents:

Warm-Up (5 min): Light walking, shoulder and hip mobilization

Main Part (35 min):

Weeks 1-4: 5-6 km/h brisk walking Weeks 5-8: 6-6.5 km/h brisk walking Weeks 9-12: 6.5-7 km/h brisk walking Cool-Down (5 min): Slow walking, calf, hamstring, and lower back stretching exercises.Exercise intensity was monitored in all groups using the Borg Scale of Perceived Exertion (RPE). Participation rates were regularly recorded, and individuals who participated below 80% of the program were excluded from the analysis.

Interventions

Experimental Group 1

Sixty women aged 40-60 years with a T-score between -1.0 and -2.5 were randomly assigned to three groups (Pilates, Swimming, Walking; n=20). Participants exercised for 40-45 minutes three days a week for 12 weeks.All exercises in this group were conducted by a certified Pilates instructor. Pilates exercises were performed on a mat.Session Content:

Warm-Up (10 min): Breathing exercises, shoulder rotation, neck stretch, posterior pelvic tilt, and spinal mobilization exercises were performed.

Main Section (30 min):

Weeks 1-4: Basic movements - Hundred, Roll-Up, Single Leg Stretch, Spine Stretch Weeks 5-8: Intermediate variations - Double Leg Stretch, Rolling Like a Ball, Saw Weeks 9-12: Advanced balance-focused movements - Teaser Prep, Side Kick Series, Swimming, Leg Pull Front Cool-Down (5 min): Deep breathing exercises, hamstring stretching, and spinal Participation rates were regularly recorded, and individuals who participated below 80% of the program were excluded from the analysis.

Intervention Type: OTHER

Experimental Group 2

Participants in the swimming group completed moderate-intensity swimming exercises for 40 minutes, three days a week. The program consisted of a 5-minute warm-up, 30 minutes of freestyle and backstroke swimming, and a 5-minute cool-down. Participants' heart rates were maintained between 60 and 70% of their maximum heart rate.

Session content:

Warm-up (5 min): Light swimming, in-water mobilization exercises

Main Part (30 min):

Weeks 1-4: Freestyle swimming with 25-50 m rest intervals Weeks 5-8: Alternating freestyle and backstroke swimming with 75-100 m rest intervals.

Weeks 9-12: Continuous swimming sets (150-200 m) - technical development and endurance Cool down (5 min): Light swimming, stretching in the water Exercise intensity was monitored using the Borg Scale of Perceived Exertion (RPE). Participation rates were regularly recorded, and individuals who participated below 80% of the program were excluded from the analysis.

Intervention Type: OTHER

Experimental Group 3

Individuals in this group participated in brisk walking at 60-70% of their maximum heart rate for 45 minutes, three days a week. The program consisted of a 5-minute warm-up walk, a 35-minute brisk walk, and a 5-minute cool-down walk. A 45-minute walking program was designed three days a week (Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday).

Terrace: Flat, safe walking track Intensity: 60-70% of maximum heart rate

Session Contents:

Warm-Up (5 min): Light walking, shoulder and hip mobilization

Main Part (35 min):

Weeks 1-4: 5-6 km/h brisk walking Weeks 5-8: 6-6.5 km/h brisk walking Weeks 9-12: 6.5-7 km/h brisk walking Cool-Down (5 min): Slow walking, calf, hamstring, and lower back stretching exercises.Exercise intensity was monitored in all groups using the Borg Scale of Perceived Exertion (RPE). Participation rates were regularly recorded, and individuals who participated below 80% of the program were excluded from the analysis.

Intervention Type: OTHER

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

1. Having a sedentary lifestyle (not having exercised regularly in the past 6 months),

2. No musculoskeletal or neurological conditions that would prevent participation,

3. Voluntarily agreeing to participate in the study.

Exclusion Criteria

1. Use of medications affecting bone metabolism (e.g., bisphosphonates, corticosteroids),

2. History of fracture within the past 6 months,

3. Uncontrolled cardiovascular or metabolic diseases.

• Minimum Eligible Age: 40 Years
• Maximum Eligible Age: 60 Years
• Eligible Sex: FEMALE
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Sponsors

Suleyman Demirel University

OTHER

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

Nur ALP

Lecturer, MSc.

Responsibility Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

HULUSİ ALP, Professor

Role: STUDY_DIRECTOR

Suleyman Demirel University

Locations

Süleyman Demirel University

Isparta, , Turkey (Türkiye)

Countries

Turkey (Türkiye)

Central Contacts

NUR ALP, MSc

Role: CONTACT

nuralp@sdu.edu.tr

+905339738832

REHA BOZGÜNEY, MSc

Role: CONTACT

rehabozguney@sdu.edu.tr

+05536053999

Other Identifiers

SuleymanDU-97/14

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id