Pain and Health Beliefs in Rehabilitation Outpatients

NCT ID: NCT07199647

Last Updated: 2025-10-03

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: COMPLETED
• Total Enrollment: 116 participants
• Study Classification: OBSERVATIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2024-12-19
• Study Completion Date: 2025-06-30

Brief Summary

This cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the relationships between patients' pain beliefs, health beliefs about complementary and alternative medicine, and levels of spiritual well-being in a Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation outpatient clinic. Adult participants between 18 and 65 years of age were enrolled. Standardized questionnaires were used to evaluate psychological status, pain-related beliefs, attitudes toward complementary and alternative medicine, and spiritual well-being. The study aimed to contribute to holistic pain management approaches by integrating psychological, spiritual, and health belief perspectives.

Detailed Description

Detailed Description:

This cross-sectional analytical study was designed to evaluate the interrelationships between pain beliefs, health beliefs regarding complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), and spiritual well-being in patients attending a Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PMR) outpatient clinic.

Rationale:

Chronic musculoskeletal pain is among the most frequent reasons for PMR admission. Prior research has examined pain beliefs, CAM utilization, or spirituality separately, yet little is known about their combined influence on patient coping, psychological status, and treatment orientation. Understanding these multidimensional factors is essential for advancing holistic, patient-centered rehabilitation strategies.

Study Design and Methods:

The study was conducted at Yozgat Bozok University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of PMR. A cross-sectional analytical design was employed. Eligible participants were adults aged 18-65 years who were literate, cognitively intact, and consented voluntarily. Exclusion criteria included communication or cognitive impairments, refusal to participate, or age outside the inclusion range.

Assessments:

Participants completed standardized, validated Turkish versions of the following instruments:

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS): evaluation of anxiety and depression symptoms.

Pain Beliefs Questionnaire (PBQ): assessment of organic and psychological pain beliefs.

Complementary, Alternative, and Conventional Medicine Attitude Scale (CACMAS): evaluation of attitudes toward CAM and conventional medicine.

Complementary and Alternative Medicine Health Belief Questionnaire (CHBQ): assessment of CAM-related health beliefs.

Three-Factor Spiritual Well-Being Scale (TFSWBS): measurement of transcendence, harmony with nature, and anomie.

Statistical Plan:

Descriptive statistics were calculated for demographic and clinical variables. Group comparisons were performed using Student's t-test, ANOVA, or chi-square tests, as appropriate. Correlation analyses explored associations among psychological, cognitive, and spiritual outcomes. Multiple regression models were applied to identify predictors of CAM health beliefs and spiritual well-being. Sample size was determined a priori using G*Power (version 3.1.9.7) to achieve 95% power with five predictors at α = 0.05.

Expected Contribution:

By integrating cognitive, psychological, and spiritual dimensions, the study seeks to clarify how pain beliefs and CAM health beliefs relate to spiritual well-being in rehabilitation patients. Findings are expected to support the incorporation of structured spiritual assessments and evidence-based CAM counseling into PMR practice to enhance holistic pain management.

Conditions

Chronic Pain; Musculoskeletal Diseases

Study Design

• Observational Model Type: CASE_ONLY
• Study Time Perspective: CROSS_SECTIONAL

Study Groups

Rehabilitation Outpatients

Adult patients (18-65 years) attending a university hospital Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation outpatient clinic. Participants were evaluated once using self-report questionnaires and scales

Questionnaire Administration

Intervention Type: OTHER

Participants completed a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Pain Beliefs Questionnaire, the Complementary, Alternative, and Conventional Medicine Attitude Scale, the Complementary and Alternative Medicine Health Belief Scale, and the Three-Factor Spiritual Well-Being Scale.

Interventions

Questionnaire Administration

Participants completed a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Pain Beliefs Questionnaire, the Complementary, Alternative, and Conventional Medicine Attitude Scale, the Complementary and Alternative Medicine Health Belief Scale, and the Three-Factor Spiritual Well-Being Scale.

Intervention Type: OTHER

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

• Adults between 18 and 65 years of age
• Attending the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation outpatient clinic
• Able to read and write
• Cognitively intact
• Voluntarily willing to participate and able to provide informed consent

Exclusion Criteria

• Younger than 18 years or older than 65 years
• Illiterate individuals
• Individuals with cognitive impairment
• Individuals with communication difficulties
• Patients who declined to participate or had incomplete data

• Minimum Eligible Age: 18 Years
• Maximum Eligible Age: 65 Years
• Eligible Sex: ALL
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Sponsors

Gulseren Demir Karakilic

OTHER

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

Gulseren Demir Karakilic

Assistant Professor, Principal Investigator

Responsibility Role: SPONSOR_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

Gülseren Demir Karakılıç, Asst Prof

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Yozgat Bozok University

Locations

Yozgat Bozok University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

Yozgat, Yozgat, Turkey (Türkiye)

Countries

Turkey (Türkiye)

References

Uslu, F. (2020). Geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tıp (getat) sağlık inanış anketinin türkçe geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. (Uzmanlık Tezi). Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Ankara Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Sağlık Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi Aile Hekimliği Kliniği, Ankara. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/ sayfasından erişilmiştir. (Tez Numarası 644233).

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Elif, K. Ö. S. E., Hasan Çetin Ekerbiçer, and Ünal Erkorkmaz. "Complementary, alternative and conventional medicine attitude scale: Turkish validity reliability study." Sakarya Tıp Dergisi 8.4 (2018): 726-736.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Hyland ME, Lewith GT, Westoby C. Developing a measure of attitudes: the holistic complementary and alternative medicine questionnaire. Complement Ther Med. 2003 Mar;11(1):33-8. doi: 10.1016/s0965-2299(02)00113-9.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 12667973 (View on PubMed)

Edwards LC, Pearce SA, Turner-Stokes L, Jones A. The Pain Beliefs Questionnaire: an investigation of beliefs in the causes and consequences of pain. Pain. 1992 Dec;51(3):267-272. doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(92)90209-T.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 1491853 (View on PubMed)

Aydemir, O. J. T. P. D: Hastane Anksiyete ve Depresyon Ölçeği Türkçe Formunun Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 8, 187-280, 1997.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983 Jun;67(6):361-70. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 6880820 (View on PubMed)

Okan N, Kose N, Kardas S. Spiritual Contradiction Scale: A New Way of Understanding Internal and External Contradictions. J Relig Health. 2024 Apr;63(2):1567-1584. doi: 10.1007/s10943-023-01924-2. Epub 2023 Oct 11.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 37819529 (View on PubMed)

Berk HO, Bahadir G. [The experience of chronic pain and pain beliefs]. Agri. 2007 Oct;19(4):5-15. Turkish.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 18159574 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

2024-GOKAEK-2415_2024.12.18_29

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id