Comparison of the Effects of Physical Activity and Virtual Reality Training in Patients With Schizophrenia

NCT ID: NCT07173465

Last Updated: 2025-09-15

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: COMPLETED
• Clinical Phase: NA
• Total Enrollment: 45 participants
• Study Classification: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2023-05-26
• Study Completion Date: 2023-08-02

Brief Summary

The current study aims to compare the effects of physical activity and Virtual Reality training on physical function, cognition and quality of life in patients with Schizophrenia.

It is hypothesized in the literature that both physical activity and VR may have positive effects on the symptoms of PwS. Still, which modality may be more effective has yet to be discovered. By comparing the effects of physical activity and VR training on the symptoms of PwS, this study may provide valuable insights into the potential benefits of these interventions and inform the development of effective treatment strategies for PwS.

Our study will discuss this relationship, and the results will be presented.

Detailed Description

1 INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE

Schizophrenia is a debilitating mental disorder characterized by disruptions in thinking, perception, emotions, and social functioning (1). Patients with schizophrenia (PwS) often experience impairments in physical function, cognition, and quality of life, which can significantly impact their overall well-being. As part of the pursuit to enhance treatment outcomes, researchers, including physical therapists, have explored various adjunctive therapies that can potentially alleviate these impairments. In this study, we aim to compare the effects of physical activity (PA) and virtual reality (VR) training on physical function, cognition, and quality of life in Patients with schizophrenia (PwS), compared to a control group that undergoes regular occupational therapy.

1.1 Background Physical activity has been recognized as a beneficial intervention for individuals with mental disorders, including schizophrenia (2). Engaging in regular physical activity has been associated with improved physical fitness, cardiovascular health, and muscle strength. Furthermore, studies have shown that physical activity can positively influence cognitive function, including attention, memory, and executive functions, in individuals with schizophrenia (2, 3). These improvements in physical and cognitive domains can potentially lead to enhanced quality of life for these individuals.

Virtual reality training, on the other hand, is an emerging therapeutic approach that provides immersive and interactive experiences through computer-generated simulations. While the benefits of physical activity have been extensively studied in schizophrenia, research investigating the specific effects of virtual reality training in this population is limited (4). There is a need to explore the potential benefits of VR in improving physical function, cognition, and quality of life in individuals with schizophrenia to expand our understanding of its therapeutic value.

1.2 Significance Understanding the comparative effects of physical activity and virtual reality training on physical function, cognition, and quality of life in Patients with schizophrenia (PwS), in comparison to the control group undergoing regular occupational therapy, holds significant importance. By comparing these interventions, we can identify their relative effectiveness and potential benefits in addressing the impairments associated with schizophrenia. This knowledge can inform clinicians, researchers, and healthcare professionals, including physical therapists, in making evidence-based decisions regarding the use of these interventions in clinical practice. Additionally, it may contribute to the development of personalized treatment approaches that optimize outcomes and improve the overall well-being of individuals with schizophrenia.

1.3 Overview This study describes a comparative analysis of three groups: a physical activity intervention group, a virtual reality training intervention group, and a control group that undergoes regular occupational therapy at the center. The study will recruit a sample of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and randomly assign them to one of the three groups. Assessments of physical function, cognitive performance, and quality of life will be conducted before and after the interventions to evaluate the effectiveness of each approach. The findings of this study will contribute to the existing literature and inform the development of evidence-based interventions for individuals with schizophrenia, particularly in the context of physical therapy.

Conditions

Schizophrenia; Balance; Distorted; Cognitive Impairment

Study Design

• Allocation Method: RANDOMIZED
• Intervention Model: PARALLEL
• Primary Study Purpose: TREATMENT
• Blinding Strategy: SINGLE

Study Groups

Physical Activity (PA group)

The program will be comprised of

(5 minutes) Warm-up (5 minutes) Strengthening exercises (Lunges- squats) (10 minutes) Balance and Cardiovascular endurance (HIIT-penguin seesaw- table tilt) (15 minutes) Aerobic ex (stationary bike- dancing) (5 minutes) Cool down exercises and breathing control. In addition to all these, the individuals will continue occupational therapy.

Group Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Virtual Reality (VR)

Intervention Type: DEVICE

Participants will engage in the VR gaming intervention three times a week for 12 weeks. Each session will last approximately 45 minutes, providing ample gameplay, instruction, and debriefing time.

Virtual Reality (VR) group

Group 2 Virtual Reality (VR) group will undergo 45 minutes of the Nintendo Wii-FitTM game. First of all, it will start with games that include warm-up exercises ( 5 min) and then continue with games that include strengthening (5 min), balance (5 min) and aerobic exercises (15 min).

Finally, the treatment will be terminated with games, including cool-down (5 min) exercises. In addition to all these, the individuals will continue occupational therapy.

Group Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Physical Activity (PA group)

Intervention Type: OTHER

The intervention includes a 5-minute warm-up, 10 minutes of strengthening exercises (lunges and squats), 20 minutes of balance and cardiovascular endurance activities (HIIT exercises), 20 minutes of aerobic exercises (stationary bike and dancing), and a 5-minute cool-down with breathing control. Participants also continue with personalized occupational therapy to enhance their functional abilities.

control group

This group will undergo regular occupational therapy at the treatment center

Group Type: SHAM_COMPARATOR

occupational therapy

Intervention Type: OTHER

the group will undergo their normal occupational therapy activities that include drawing, coloring, mathematical problems as well as solving mazes

Interventions

Virtual Reality (VR)

Participants will engage in the VR gaming intervention three times a week for 12 weeks. Each session will last approximately 45 minutes, providing ample gameplay, instruction, and debriefing time.

Intervention Type: DEVICE

Physical Activity (PA group)

The intervention includes a 5-minute warm-up, 10 minutes of strengthening exercises (lunges and squats), 20 minutes of balance and cardiovascular endurance activities (HIIT exercises), 20 minutes of aerobic exercises (stationary bike and dancing), and a 5-minute cool-down with breathing control. Participants also continue with personalized occupational therapy to enhance their functional abilities.

Intervention Type: OTHER

occupational therapy

the group will undergo their normal occupational therapy activities that include drawing, coloring, mathematical problems as well as solving mazes

Intervention Type: OTHER

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

• Between the ages of 20 and 77 years old.
• Willing to participate in research.
• Diagnosed with Schizophrenia according to the criteria defined in the DSM-IV by a psychiatrist.
• Able to attend Community Mental Health Center regularly.
• Not diagnosed with a mental disability, alcoholism, or drug addiction.
• Scoring 40 points or higher on the GAF test, indicating a non-severe mental state.
• Capable of fully understanding the purpose and content of the research.
• Able to participate in physical activity that requires musculoskeletal movement without difficulty, as determined by self-report.

Exclusion Criteria

• Have significant cardiovascular, neuromuscular, endocrine, or other disorders that might prevent safe participation in the study.
• Have a diagnosis of alcohol or substance abuse.
• Have a secondary diagnosis of neurological disease or disease associated with the consumption of toxins, addiction to technology, or compulsive gambling.
• Unable to read, understand, or respond to assessment tests.

• Minimum Eligible Age: 20 Years
• Maximum Eligible Age: 77 Years
• Eligible Sex: ALL
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Sponsors

Yeditepe University

OTHER

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

Responsibility Role: SPONSOR

Locations

Kartal Dr Lutfi Kirdar City Hospital

Istanbul, , Turkey (Türkiye)

Countries

Turkey (Türkiye)

Other Identifiers

64-2023

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id